blindpig
10-09-2015, 01:50 PM
As Stalin escaped from Narym
colonelcassad
Oct 9, 15:50
http://dn1.vtomske.ru/a/82443a883bcf53bb19014c265450f505_lg2e9d62.jpg
Interesting story about how Stalin during his revolutionary career, escaped from exile in Narym. A piece of text that had already spread.
Thanks to our Dmitry Alexandrovich. And thank you, Baiba Zvaigzne (Baiba Zvaigzne), employee Jurmala Central Library, and Christina Papule (Kristina Papule) of the periodicals department of the Latvian National Library. Source Magazine Daugava № 4-2002 pp. 128-142. Text E.Ozolinsha memoirs published by the newspaper "Yaunakas Zinyas" with minor amendments by the newspaper "Latvieshu Balss."
Ernests Ozolins
What I remember Stalin
1. From Petrograd to Narym in Siberia
http://dn1.vtomske.ru/a/3418884f27f842d2839c07262aeb3707_lg5baffe.jpg
in Narym museum.
In 1911 I was a member of the central committee of the illegal Social-Democratic Party of Latvia. In the autumn - in September or October - in Helsingfors was scheduled for the fourth congress of the party. Preparing for it was carried out very carefully, because the vigilance of the secret police was extremely high. However, various detours all happily got to Helsingfors. However, there we soon felt that we were being watched, and that failure is inevitable. For this reason, the Congress Party at the appointed place at the appointed time, and it was impossible to carry out, and we decided to disperse. In February next, in 1912 we in Riga were searched. I was arrested. The case of Helsingfors Congress investigated in Petrograd. It is a requirement to send me there. Transported, placed, as usual, in the "Remand". As expected, in Petrograd, I made every effort to bring to GELSINGFORSSKY events as an accomplice. I, of course, all flatly denied. Four months later, a preliminary investigation was completed. Since no direct evidence was found, we were not put on trial, but the director of the police department Bielecki his authority agreed to exile us for 4 years in Siberia. The route of our journey was long known: Vologda, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Omsk and Tomsk. When the day of departure, we were summoned from their cells and taken to the prison office, where I learned that I was deported to Narym. There's something I first met with the current dictator of Russia - Stalin-Dzhugashvili.
Since we had a long ride together, we - Future Travel - look closely and studied each other. Stalin was of medium height, lean, with black curly hair and dark, very expressive eyes, which certainly witnessed this, that this man has a strong will and a great performance.
Say hello, we exchanged a few words. Russian accent Stalin was solid, with a peculiar accent. Sure - Caucasian.
Together with me I was to go to my friend, the old American, but he filed a petition to him because of illness appoint another place of exile. In this regard, he was detained in St. Petersburg to resolve the case. So, I expect not very pleasant road in a little over three thousand kilometers to Tomsk society of thieves, robbers, vagabonds, word, dubious personalities. In a conversation with Stalin still found out that his exile in the same place as me. So, my closest companion is Stalin. This calmed me a bit and generally improved greatly snikshee my state of mind. In Vologda was a stop for the night. The next morning I and Stalin was transported further in the direction of Siberia.
We Stalin made their way to Chelyabinsk without stopping. In this city then we train with prisoners flocked from all over European Russia. There were completed so-called "Siberian trains," which then went in opposite directions in the Eastern and Western Siberia. From Chelyabinsk trains went nonstop to destinations. The last stage of Chelyabinsk was particularly awkward and heavy. Wagons tight, uncomfortable; they resembled our summer vzmorskie cars, only much worse. Department of seats equipped to the guard on duty could survey the whole car. And, worst of all, the cars were packed. On double pews housed the least three people. Although the whole trip lasted a very long time, if my memory serves me - ten days, the prisoners treated with almost no sleep. About to go, there was no question, if asleep, only sitting. To doze off in a more or less steady, tied to the hook hanger towel and both hands were holding him. Other sleeping position was as follows: sit on the floor, leaning his head on the edge of the seat. But the guards are usually not allowed to sleep in this manner, afraid that so you can get ready to flee. Again I had to sit down on the bench. And generally only allowed to sit. Roam the carriage prohibited.
The echelon was several women convicted of criminal offenses. The guards used the women without the slightest hesitation, no regard for others. But it was so commonplace that no one was particularly surprised. And angry about this was impossible. For his "services" women received little food.
With the power all things were bad. For the maintenance of one prisoner was supposed to ten cents a day. With an allowed to take a very limited number of products. His money could have no more than the ruble. All these strict limits have been introduced to prevent escapes. P onyatno that in such circumstances, all the prisoners were depressed mood. They talked a little, as if afraid of each other.
In normal life it seems to us that the writer portrayed or represented on the stage of severe suffering exaggerated and far from reality. Such flour generally unbearable for humans. When fate sends such suffering upon ourselves and the reality is even worse than what sililis portray writers and actors, we see that a person nevertheless makes it all. A person can make a lot! It is known to all who suffered terrible persecution in Tsarist Russia; know anyone who has gone through the horrors of World War II. And we are in a long journey to fully verify this. Despite the meager food and other very serious "inconvenience", our mood improves with each passing day brings us closer to the end of the road. Born semblance of hope that when we get to the place all over again adjusted.
In this "coupe" policy was five or six. Two of them were sentenced to hard labor. They were taken to the famous Alexander Central. Little by little, we still take a closer look, we told each other about the past, about how to hit every one of us in this journey. Ponders how life there - in exile and in prison. Convicts were going to learn languages, especially English, later to flee to America. Return to Russia he was dangerous, even impossible. By law, all prisoners sentenced to hard labor after serving their sentence were to remain forever to live in Siberia. If someone voluntarily left the place of settlement, again awarded to hard labor. Therefore, only a few have tried to return to European Russia, the greater part of the first to emigrate to America. But exiled to Siberia in the administrative procedure is often fled into European Russia, especially exiles with long links.
To those belonged to Stalin. In the revolutionary movement he joined in 1897, as a pupil of the seminary, and since 1901 has became a professional revolutionary, and with great enthusiasm gave himself only this activity. Although Stalin was relatively young, about thirty years old, but already he occupied a prominent place in the party. This is partly explained by the fact that he was not oppressed by worries about their daily bread, for party organizations have always provided him with funds to feed and travel expenses.
"My happiness is that all their efforts and the work of the mind I could give only benefit the revolution and the party. I worked in some office or somewhere else, I would have inevitably been petty-bourgeois influence, he would have lost the sharpness of thought, weakened revolutionary energy as in the revolutionary intelligentsia, who had to earn their bread in the offices and bureaus even liberal Russian bourgeoisie " - Stalin once said, when we discussed phasing carriage of loyalty Bolshevik and Menshevik tactics.
Already in 1903 Stalin was first exiled for three years in Eastern Siberia, but escaped a month later. And later, after 1905, his exiled three times, but he always made a few months to escape.
After the Prague Conference, in 1912, Stalin had become a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, and according to his instructions prepared by workers on May Day demonstrations in the principal centers of the movement. However, in April, he was arrested again. This arrest and brought him to Narym.
Several episodes of our journey showed how unbridled temperament was endowed by Stalin and the force with which he hated his opponents. As usual, the Caucasians on their appearance is often mistaken for Jews. Our escort, of course, were extremely anti-Semitic. All the way they rained insults against Jews. Abusive this clearly was aimed against Stalin. You should have seen how, in such cases flashed his eyes! Even reaching the collision with the guard. To fear, as if the matter did not end badly. Yet Stalin lacked tact and understanding not to bring these clashes to extremes. Despite his short temper, he knew the right time to hold back and hold your anger in yourself. He did not waste their strength on trifles.
Features of Stalin's character clearly manifested in the relationship with his teammates on the fate of echelon.
I remember one little thing, however, is very characteristic of Stalin. The train stopped at a small station. We are on their ten cents bought some food. But the stop was very short, we had to hurry up with the purchase and quick to lend money out the window tradeswoman. One of us hesitated and did not have time to count the required amount. Instead, Stalin paid. When the train started, our fellow traveler wanted to return the debt to Stalin, but he just laughed it off and refused to take the money. The Hitcher persisted - they say, do not want to be in debt. Then Stalin took the money and threw them out the window and said with a smile: "Well, now you do not need me and your ego has received full satisfaction."
Stalin even judge people very sharply and openly. He admitted that is rare to find a person who would have liked him and with whom he could pass. However, people with him a destiny he always treated with attention and willingness to help. Who knows whether he has kept and now the good traits of his character?
I would like to add to the characterization of Stalin's another trait. He was a good story-teller of anecdotes. Caucasian jokes he heard a lot of fun, witty, original. And that, he gives us a really funny moments in the heavy monotonous way.
In Tomsk, we spent 5-6 days in anticipation of the ship, which took us down the river to the "city" Narym. There can be no question of Narym as a town in the European sense. At that time there were about 500 inhabitants. Of those 80-100 people were political exiles.
When the boat landed in Narym, on the banks of many people gathered. Clothing and appearance welcoming testified that this - our brother in fate. Some of the pending knew Stalin and heartily applauded him. Among them was Alexander P. Smirnov, who, after the October Revolution in Russia was the commissioner of agriculture. According to the newspaper, now he has resigned due to disagreements on the Bolshevik agrarian reform.
Of course, in Narym it was not a single hotel. Aleksandr Petrovich invited us to stay at his time. It pleased us greatly.
We had lunch and immediately went to look for an apartment. Aleksandr Petrovich and then helped us a lot, so we soon found a house - two rooms on the second floor of a small house. I took a one that is less, Stalin stopped at one that more.
2. Life in Narym
http://cdn11.img22.ria.ru/images/47341/69/473416962.jpg
building police council in Narym
Since 1906 Narym became one of the main places of political links. Through Narym passed many of the statesmen of today's Russia: A.Rykov, A.Solts, Lashevich, Sverdlov, V. Yakovlev, and many others. Generally in Narym it had many leaders of the Bolshevik wing.
Even in previous years, the exiles established in Narym semi-legal organization of mutual aid. She took care of accommodation and financial support newly arrived comrades. The organization has equipped the library subscribed to newspapers, etc. It brings together all the exiles, without distinction of party affiliation. But - only in theory. Every group, every political trend is still trying to win greater influence in society. Therefore, in our society, there were various "factions". It goes - Not without small intrigue. Stalin had almost no interest in these affairs, and eventually even distanced himself from them. He spent his time in reading. He sat on the books until late at night and then slept, to make up for the time you need to relax. Stalin was interested in philosophical questions, which at that time were set sharply in the party press. He himself was engaged in Narym national issue. On his return to Petrograd, Stalin published his article in pamphlet form (This is a brochure of Stalin, "Marxism and the National Question," published in 1913)
Yet at the same Stalin from the beginning it differed from the other exiles.
At first, everyone was most concerned about how to get to make it easier and better to spend years of exile. Stalin also thought about it. From the very first day in Narym his only thought was - to communicate with the outside world, to get a false passport, to arrange an escape, to be on the board and get to Tomsk and Tobolsk. And everyday household matters, he did not want to pay a lot of attention. The owner, he was very impractical. But it is domestic side of life in Narym demanded a lot of time and hassle.
In Narym it was not a hotel or restaurant, not to mention the restaurant where you can dine. Meals had to produce and cooking. And we are with Stalin initially led the overall economy. Each day later took on the role of "master". Yes, only Stalin to this case did not lay the soul. If our "common household" and not broken up by itself, it is only because Smirnov soon took pity on Stalin and took him to her as if on half board. Stalin went to Smirnov, dinner, and breakfast and dinner we are together. But even here there are new difficulties - this time because of the samovar! We took the upper room cottage. The owner lived downstairs. Straight from the master apartment in our rooms waged a steep staircase. The owner had two daughters, they have something for us and put the samovar. But like true gentlemen, we can not allow a woman dragged upstairs heavy samovar, so introducing it themselves. Observe the principle of equality: one day I was carrying a samovar, another - Stalin. However, I soon noticed that Stalin was very reluctantly takes on the case. Since I was younger, I thought it my duty to fulfill this obligation and for him. But Stalin had already annoyed that I gave him the services provided.
The whole life of Stalin in Narym was subordinated to one main objective --begstvu. Stalin rarely left on people. He did not recognize the photograph, which zealously indulged in others. Stalin avoided anything that might take note of the police and guards. I did not want to rush into eyes. Once a month we still willy-nilly had to personally report to the police. It was a day of "salary". "Salary" our mere mortals, was 6 rubles per month, and the privileged - honorable citizens, noblemen and students were supposed to 12 rubles. I note that the money in Narym could live well, everything was cheap. Police and the money is paid only by hand. So that Stalin had to go himself.
However, once a week, we are very happy to leave the house. It was the day of the arrival of the vessel. Then, on the banks going to not only all the exiles, but also almost the entire city. It was the single most important event in our lives. When, after the winter break and spring floods arrived first steamer, no force in the world could not hold a resident of Narym from the exit of the marina. And Stalin never missed the appearance of the vessel. He circled the crowd on the beach and on the ship, to buy something, talking. All this was done with a known calculation. From the ship we were getting at least some news from the outside world. Stalin was waiting for them with a special look; he tried to find out the conditions on the ship, studying the methods of observation and surveillance guards to escape to the day all provide.
During our stay, we co-Stalin discussed a lot. It is in the debate unfolded true nature of Stalin. He spoke enthusiastically, temperamental, with a deep conviction that they are right and not particularly ceremony with views of the interlocutor. I would also like to note that Stalin was quite negative and even irony treated women-revolutionary. He believed that women can not be given over the heart of the revolution, they are looking for in the revolution only a certain romance. They are more interested in figures of the revolution than the revolution itself. "Once I spoke at one meeting. There's a young lady with great interest listened to my speech I seemed to read every word from my lips. When we met, it turned out that the lady did not listen to my words, but only looked at my lips "- Stalin told with humor.
3. Escape from exile
http://dn1.vtomske.ru/a/86d6c81dd60968c41abf891d9137ad05_lg26ca05.jpg
Painting "Stalin in exile" (apparently some remake).
For some time before escaping Stalin moved to another apartment. As I said, we lived on the second floor and we had every time to go through the master's dwelling, so that every step was in sight of the owner. To escape it was extremely disadvantageous. Therefore, we found a room for Stalin elsewhere, on the ground floor.
Russian Social-Democratic party was already split into two parts: the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Stalin was one of the most ardent opponents of the Mensheviks. The theorist and head of the Bolshevik Lenin while he moved from Paris to Krakow, to be closer to Russia. In the fall of 1912 in Krakow planned meeting of the Bolsheviks, who had to come and Stalin. The party asked the Stalin leadership of the Bolshevik faction in the Duma, although he was never a member of the Duma. So it is for this reason that Stalin should rush to escape.
The only way from Narym to the outside world was the river Ob. Himself Narymsky edge is a solid woods and marshes, without any roads. And in the winter the path determined by the direction of the bed of the Ob River. Thus, the summer escape can be realized only on the boat, which once a week molested in Narym. Political exiles fled from Narym quite often, but because over the years established a good enough relationship with the people on the ships. It was developed by a clever system of hiding fugitives and their delivery to Tomsk and Tobolsk. And although the supervisory agency zealously their duty, we are always inventing new ways to fool and cheat his guards. When they later learned our tricks, they could only hand breed. When enough time, many people may think of.
When the training was completed and double-checked all connections carefully, Stalin had to wait for the right ship. On the appointed day, we hit the road. By the arrival of the ship to the pier came not only a lot of people, but also a lot of police, oversaw the exiles. Take the boat in the Narym was very risky. So we decided to pull Stalin's boat for five kilometers down the river, where there was a so-called fishing. At this point, the ship stopped on demand. Ob court largest not inferior to the Volga, but the facilities for them was less. When the boat approached, we raked in the middle of the river and raised oars gave the stop signal. The ship stopped. But when we got closer, then froze, Defeats: Narymsky stood on the deck of the police! He began quickness to help sailors to lower the ladder, and soon to take us aboard. The guard recognized us and already happily looking forward to a good premium for the capture of the fugitive. We immediately assessed the situation. There were shouts: "Back!" Again, all were in their places, and the boat glided quickly toward the shore. The sailors some time hesitated in confusion. The guard was obviously displeased. Then, the ship still moved on.
This attempt failed. We bowed head back to Narym. Stalin was alarmed by the incident. And it was why. Unsuccessful attempt could have extremely serious consequences. During a flight guilty exiled for 300 kilometers further, in the so-called Maksimkin Yar, located among the more deep forests and swamps. Mail reached there only twice a year, and the boat went ashore once a year. There for attempting to escape was once exiled Sverdlov. Maksimkin Yar was exiled to the "second Siberia." In this place there were two dozen people, all degenerates and syphilitic and only two exiles. Flight out was almost impossible. All attempts Sverdlov run ended in failure.
With great anxiety we were waiting for that next days will bring. However, nothing much happened. It seems that the police could not determine who had intended to flee. And we are left alone.
Two weeks later the ship came back with reliable people. This time we decided to put Stalin on the ship in the Narym. About ten of our risen to the deck. We are eagerly roamed the ship in different directions. Then came ashore again climbed to the deck. In this bustling Traffic policeman it was difficult to keep track of who stood on the ship who came. We, of course, very carefully watched the police. Once turned out to be the right moment, sailors cleverly hid Stalin. Nobody noticed. Minutes before departure were very disturbing, yet all could have happened. But our guard shuffled down the gangway, his face was calm and ingenuous. He did not notice anything. The ship gave a beep and set sail. Stalin left. These shoots were a great event in our community.
Police learned of the escape Stalin's only the next day. Of course, all measures were taken to catch, but as in Narym there was no telephone or telegraph, the police could not pass to the next marina to Stalin detained. Arrange the chase on horseback through the swamps, or by boat on the river was impossible.
At that time Stalin had safely reached European Russia.
http://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/2422078.html
Google Translator
colonelcassad
Oct 9, 15:50
http://dn1.vtomske.ru/a/82443a883bcf53bb19014c265450f505_lg2e9d62.jpg
Interesting story about how Stalin during his revolutionary career, escaped from exile in Narym. A piece of text that had already spread.
Thanks to our Dmitry Alexandrovich. And thank you, Baiba Zvaigzne (Baiba Zvaigzne), employee Jurmala Central Library, and Christina Papule (Kristina Papule) of the periodicals department of the Latvian National Library. Source Magazine Daugava № 4-2002 pp. 128-142. Text E.Ozolinsha memoirs published by the newspaper "Yaunakas Zinyas" with minor amendments by the newspaper "Latvieshu Balss."
Ernests Ozolins
What I remember Stalin
1. From Petrograd to Narym in Siberia
http://dn1.vtomske.ru/a/3418884f27f842d2839c07262aeb3707_lg5baffe.jpg
in Narym museum.
In 1911 I was a member of the central committee of the illegal Social-Democratic Party of Latvia. In the autumn - in September or October - in Helsingfors was scheduled for the fourth congress of the party. Preparing for it was carried out very carefully, because the vigilance of the secret police was extremely high. However, various detours all happily got to Helsingfors. However, there we soon felt that we were being watched, and that failure is inevitable. For this reason, the Congress Party at the appointed place at the appointed time, and it was impossible to carry out, and we decided to disperse. In February next, in 1912 we in Riga were searched. I was arrested. The case of Helsingfors Congress investigated in Petrograd. It is a requirement to send me there. Transported, placed, as usual, in the "Remand". As expected, in Petrograd, I made every effort to bring to GELSINGFORSSKY events as an accomplice. I, of course, all flatly denied. Four months later, a preliminary investigation was completed. Since no direct evidence was found, we were not put on trial, but the director of the police department Bielecki his authority agreed to exile us for 4 years in Siberia. The route of our journey was long known: Vologda, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Omsk and Tomsk. When the day of departure, we were summoned from their cells and taken to the prison office, where I learned that I was deported to Narym. There's something I first met with the current dictator of Russia - Stalin-Dzhugashvili.
Since we had a long ride together, we - Future Travel - look closely and studied each other. Stalin was of medium height, lean, with black curly hair and dark, very expressive eyes, which certainly witnessed this, that this man has a strong will and a great performance.
Say hello, we exchanged a few words. Russian accent Stalin was solid, with a peculiar accent. Sure - Caucasian.
Together with me I was to go to my friend, the old American, but he filed a petition to him because of illness appoint another place of exile. In this regard, he was detained in St. Petersburg to resolve the case. So, I expect not very pleasant road in a little over three thousand kilometers to Tomsk society of thieves, robbers, vagabonds, word, dubious personalities. In a conversation with Stalin still found out that his exile in the same place as me. So, my closest companion is Stalin. This calmed me a bit and generally improved greatly snikshee my state of mind. In Vologda was a stop for the night. The next morning I and Stalin was transported further in the direction of Siberia.
We Stalin made their way to Chelyabinsk without stopping. In this city then we train with prisoners flocked from all over European Russia. There were completed so-called "Siberian trains," which then went in opposite directions in the Eastern and Western Siberia. From Chelyabinsk trains went nonstop to destinations. The last stage of Chelyabinsk was particularly awkward and heavy. Wagons tight, uncomfortable; they resembled our summer vzmorskie cars, only much worse. Department of seats equipped to the guard on duty could survey the whole car. And, worst of all, the cars were packed. On double pews housed the least three people. Although the whole trip lasted a very long time, if my memory serves me - ten days, the prisoners treated with almost no sleep. About to go, there was no question, if asleep, only sitting. To doze off in a more or less steady, tied to the hook hanger towel and both hands were holding him. Other sleeping position was as follows: sit on the floor, leaning his head on the edge of the seat. But the guards are usually not allowed to sleep in this manner, afraid that so you can get ready to flee. Again I had to sit down on the bench. And generally only allowed to sit. Roam the carriage prohibited.
The echelon was several women convicted of criminal offenses. The guards used the women without the slightest hesitation, no regard for others. But it was so commonplace that no one was particularly surprised. And angry about this was impossible. For his "services" women received little food.
With the power all things were bad. For the maintenance of one prisoner was supposed to ten cents a day. With an allowed to take a very limited number of products. His money could have no more than the ruble. All these strict limits have been introduced to prevent escapes. P onyatno that in such circumstances, all the prisoners were depressed mood. They talked a little, as if afraid of each other.
In normal life it seems to us that the writer portrayed or represented on the stage of severe suffering exaggerated and far from reality. Such flour generally unbearable for humans. When fate sends such suffering upon ourselves and the reality is even worse than what sililis portray writers and actors, we see that a person nevertheless makes it all. A person can make a lot! It is known to all who suffered terrible persecution in Tsarist Russia; know anyone who has gone through the horrors of World War II. And we are in a long journey to fully verify this. Despite the meager food and other very serious "inconvenience", our mood improves with each passing day brings us closer to the end of the road. Born semblance of hope that when we get to the place all over again adjusted.
In this "coupe" policy was five or six. Two of them were sentenced to hard labor. They were taken to the famous Alexander Central. Little by little, we still take a closer look, we told each other about the past, about how to hit every one of us in this journey. Ponders how life there - in exile and in prison. Convicts were going to learn languages, especially English, later to flee to America. Return to Russia he was dangerous, even impossible. By law, all prisoners sentenced to hard labor after serving their sentence were to remain forever to live in Siberia. If someone voluntarily left the place of settlement, again awarded to hard labor. Therefore, only a few have tried to return to European Russia, the greater part of the first to emigrate to America. But exiled to Siberia in the administrative procedure is often fled into European Russia, especially exiles with long links.
To those belonged to Stalin. In the revolutionary movement he joined in 1897, as a pupil of the seminary, and since 1901 has became a professional revolutionary, and with great enthusiasm gave himself only this activity. Although Stalin was relatively young, about thirty years old, but already he occupied a prominent place in the party. This is partly explained by the fact that he was not oppressed by worries about their daily bread, for party organizations have always provided him with funds to feed and travel expenses.
"My happiness is that all their efforts and the work of the mind I could give only benefit the revolution and the party. I worked in some office or somewhere else, I would have inevitably been petty-bourgeois influence, he would have lost the sharpness of thought, weakened revolutionary energy as in the revolutionary intelligentsia, who had to earn their bread in the offices and bureaus even liberal Russian bourgeoisie " - Stalin once said, when we discussed phasing carriage of loyalty Bolshevik and Menshevik tactics.
Already in 1903 Stalin was first exiled for three years in Eastern Siberia, but escaped a month later. And later, after 1905, his exiled three times, but he always made a few months to escape.
After the Prague Conference, in 1912, Stalin had become a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, and according to his instructions prepared by workers on May Day demonstrations in the principal centers of the movement. However, in April, he was arrested again. This arrest and brought him to Narym.
Several episodes of our journey showed how unbridled temperament was endowed by Stalin and the force with which he hated his opponents. As usual, the Caucasians on their appearance is often mistaken for Jews. Our escort, of course, were extremely anti-Semitic. All the way they rained insults against Jews. Abusive this clearly was aimed against Stalin. You should have seen how, in such cases flashed his eyes! Even reaching the collision with the guard. To fear, as if the matter did not end badly. Yet Stalin lacked tact and understanding not to bring these clashes to extremes. Despite his short temper, he knew the right time to hold back and hold your anger in yourself. He did not waste their strength on trifles.
Features of Stalin's character clearly manifested in the relationship with his teammates on the fate of echelon.
I remember one little thing, however, is very characteristic of Stalin. The train stopped at a small station. We are on their ten cents bought some food. But the stop was very short, we had to hurry up with the purchase and quick to lend money out the window tradeswoman. One of us hesitated and did not have time to count the required amount. Instead, Stalin paid. When the train started, our fellow traveler wanted to return the debt to Stalin, but he just laughed it off and refused to take the money. The Hitcher persisted - they say, do not want to be in debt. Then Stalin took the money and threw them out the window and said with a smile: "Well, now you do not need me and your ego has received full satisfaction."
Stalin even judge people very sharply and openly. He admitted that is rare to find a person who would have liked him and with whom he could pass. However, people with him a destiny he always treated with attention and willingness to help. Who knows whether he has kept and now the good traits of his character?
I would like to add to the characterization of Stalin's another trait. He was a good story-teller of anecdotes. Caucasian jokes he heard a lot of fun, witty, original. And that, he gives us a really funny moments in the heavy monotonous way.
In Tomsk, we spent 5-6 days in anticipation of the ship, which took us down the river to the "city" Narym. There can be no question of Narym as a town in the European sense. At that time there were about 500 inhabitants. Of those 80-100 people were political exiles.
When the boat landed in Narym, on the banks of many people gathered. Clothing and appearance welcoming testified that this - our brother in fate. Some of the pending knew Stalin and heartily applauded him. Among them was Alexander P. Smirnov, who, after the October Revolution in Russia was the commissioner of agriculture. According to the newspaper, now he has resigned due to disagreements on the Bolshevik agrarian reform.
Of course, in Narym it was not a single hotel. Aleksandr Petrovich invited us to stay at his time. It pleased us greatly.
We had lunch and immediately went to look for an apartment. Aleksandr Petrovich and then helped us a lot, so we soon found a house - two rooms on the second floor of a small house. I took a one that is less, Stalin stopped at one that more.
2. Life in Narym
http://cdn11.img22.ria.ru/images/47341/69/473416962.jpg
building police council in Narym
Since 1906 Narym became one of the main places of political links. Through Narym passed many of the statesmen of today's Russia: A.Rykov, A.Solts, Lashevich, Sverdlov, V. Yakovlev, and many others. Generally in Narym it had many leaders of the Bolshevik wing.
Even in previous years, the exiles established in Narym semi-legal organization of mutual aid. She took care of accommodation and financial support newly arrived comrades. The organization has equipped the library subscribed to newspapers, etc. It brings together all the exiles, without distinction of party affiliation. But - only in theory. Every group, every political trend is still trying to win greater influence in society. Therefore, in our society, there were various "factions". It goes - Not without small intrigue. Stalin had almost no interest in these affairs, and eventually even distanced himself from them. He spent his time in reading. He sat on the books until late at night and then slept, to make up for the time you need to relax. Stalin was interested in philosophical questions, which at that time were set sharply in the party press. He himself was engaged in Narym national issue. On his return to Petrograd, Stalin published his article in pamphlet form (This is a brochure of Stalin, "Marxism and the National Question," published in 1913)
Yet at the same Stalin from the beginning it differed from the other exiles.
At first, everyone was most concerned about how to get to make it easier and better to spend years of exile. Stalin also thought about it. From the very first day in Narym his only thought was - to communicate with the outside world, to get a false passport, to arrange an escape, to be on the board and get to Tomsk and Tobolsk. And everyday household matters, he did not want to pay a lot of attention. The owner, he was very impractical. But it is domestic side of life in Narym demanded a lot of time and hassle.
In Narym it was not a hotel or restaurant, not to mention the restaurant where you can dine. Meals had to produce and cooking. And we are with Stalin initially led the overall economy. Each day later took on the role of "master". Yes, only Stalin to this case did not lay the soul. If our "common household" and not broken up by itself, it is only because Smirnov soon took pity on Stalin and took him to her as if on half board. Stalin went to Smirnov, dinner, and breakfast and dinner we are together. But even here there are new difficulties - this time because of the samovar! We took the upper room cottage. The owner lived downstairs. Straight from the master apartment in our rooms waged a steep staircase. The owner had two daughters, they have something for us and put the samovar. But like true gentlemen, we can not allow a woman dragged upstairs heavy samovar, so introducing it themselves. Observe the principle of equality: one day I was carrying a samovar, another - Stalin. However, I soon noticed that Stalin was very reluctantly takes on the case. Since I was younger, I thought it my duty to fulfill this obligation and for him. But Stalin had already annoyed that I gave him the services provided.
The whole life of Stalin in Narym was subordinated to one main objective --begstvu. Stalin rarely left on people. He did not recognize the photograph, which zealously indulged in others. Stalin avoided anything that might take note of the police and guards. I did not want to rush into eyes. Once a month we still willy-nilly had to personally report to the police. It was a day of "salary". "Salary" our mere mortals, was 6 rubles per month, and the privileged - honorable citizens, noblemen and students were supposed to 12 rubles. I note that the money in Narym could live well, everything was cheap. Police and the money is paid only by hand. So that Stalin had to go himself.
However, once a week, we are very happy to leave the house. It was the day of the arrival of the vessel. Then, on the banks going to not only all the exiles, but also almost the entire city. It was the single most important event in our lives. When, after the winter break and spring floods arrived first steamer, no force in the world could not hold a resident of Narym from the exit of the marina. And Stalin never missed the appearance of the vessel. He circled the crowd on the beach and on the ship, to buy something, talking. All this was done with a known calculation. From the ship we were getting at least some news from the outside world. Stalin was waiting for them with a special look; he tried to find out the conditions on the ship, studying the methods of observation and surveillance guards to escape to the day all provide.
During our stay, we co-Stalin discussed a lot. It is in the debate unfolded true nature of Stalin. He spoke enthusiastically, temperamental, with a deep conviction that they are right and not particularly ceremony with views of the interlocutor. I would also like to note that Stalin was quite negative and even irony treated women-revolutionary. He believed that women can not be given over the heart of the revolution, they are looking for in the revolution only a certain romance. They are more interested in figures of the revolution than the revolution itself. "Once I spoke at one meeting. There's a young lady with great interest listened to my speech I seemed to read every word from my lips. When we met, it turned out that the lady did not listen to my words, but only looked at my lips "- Stalin told with humor.
3. Escape from exile
http://dn1.vtomske.ru/a/86d6c81dd60968c41abf891d9137ad05_lg26ca05.jpg
Painting "Stalin in exile" (apparently some remake).
For some time before escaping Stalin moved to another apartment. As I said, we lived on the second floor and we had every time to go through the master's dwelling, so that every step was in sight of the owner. To escape it was extremely disadvantageous. Therefore, we found a room for Stalin elsewhere, on the ground floor.
Russian Social-Democratic party was already split into two parts: the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Stalin was one of the most ardent opponents of the Mensheviks. The theorist and head of the Bolshevik Lenin while he moved from Paris to Krakow, to be closer to Russia. In the fall of 1912 in Krakow planned meeting of the Bolsheviks, who had to come and Stalin. The party asked the Stalin leadership of the Bolshevik faction in the Duma, although he was never a member of the Duma. So it is for this reason that Stalin should rush to escape.
The only way from Narym to the outside world was the river Ob. Himself Narymsky edge is a solid woods and marshes, without any roads. And in the winter the path determined by the direction of the bed of the Ob River. Thus, the summer escape can be realized only on the boat, which once a week molested in Narym. Political exiles fled from Narym quite often, but because over the years established a good enough relationship with the people on the ships. It was developed by a clever system of hiding fugitives and their delivery to Tomsk and Tobolsk. And although the supervisory agency zealously their duty, we are always inventing new ways to fool and cheat his guards. When they later learned our tricks, they could only hand breed. When enough time, many people may think of.
When the training was completed and double-checked all connections carefully, Stalin had to wait for the right ship. On the appointed day, we hit the road. By the arrival of the ship to the pier came not only a lot of people, but also a lot of police, oversaw the exiles. Take the boat in the Narym was very risky. So we decided to pull Stalin's boat for five kilometers down the river, where there was a so-called fishing. At this point, the ship stopped on demand. Ob court largest not inferior to the Volga, but the facilities for them was less. When the boat approached, we raked in the middle of the river and raised oars gave the stop signal. The ship stopped. But when we got closer, then froze, Defeats: Narymsky stood on the deck of the police! He began quickness to help sailors to lower the ladder, and soon to take us aboard. The guard recognized us and already happily looking forward to a good premium for the capture of the fugitive. We immediately assessed the situation. There were shouts: "Back!" Again, all were in their places, and the boat glided quickly toward the shore. The sailors some time hesitated in confusion. The guard was obviously displeased. Then, the ship still moved on.
This attempt failed. We bowed head back to Narym. Stalin was alarmed by the incident. And it was why. Unsuccessful attempt could have extremely serious consequences. During a flight guilty exiled for 300 kilometers further, in the so-called Maksimkin Yar, located among the more deep forests and swamps. Mail reached there only twice a year, and the boat went ashore once a year. There for attempting to escape was once exiled Sverdlov. Maksimkin Yar was exiled to the "second Siberia." In this place there were two dozen people, all degenerates and syphilitic and only two exiles. Flight out was almost impossible. All attempts Sverdlov run ended in failure.
With great anxiety we were waiting for that next days will bring. However, nothing much happened. It seems that the police could not determine who had intended to flee. And we are left alone.
Two weeks later the ship came back with reliable people. This time we decided to put Stalin on the ship in the Narym. About ten of our risen to the deck. We are eagerly roamed the ship in different directions. Then came ashore again climbed to the deck. In this bustling Traffic policeman it was difficult to keep track of who stood on the ship who came. We, of course, very carefully watched the police. Once turned out to be the right moment, sailors cleverly hid Stalin. Nobody noticed. Minutes before departure were very disturbing, yet all could have happened. But our guard shuffled down the gangway, his face was calm and ingenuous. He did not notice anything. The ship gave a beep and set sail. Stalin left. These shoots were a great event in our community.
Police learned of the escape Stalin's only the next day. Of course, all measures were taken to catch, but as in Narym there was no telephone or telegraph, the police could not pass to the next marina to Stalin detained. Arrange the chase on horseback through the swamps, or by boat on the river was impossible.
At that time Stalin had safely reached European Russia.
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