The Soviet Union

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Mon Nov 07, 2022 4:19 pm

105 years of the October Revolution
November 7, 6:30

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Today, all progressive mankind is celebrating the 105th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
And even 105 years after it, we quite clearly see that the reasons for the rise of socialism in the world were generated by the structural problems of capitalism, which it could not solve either then or now, which is why the relevance of socialist ideas remains in demand among the masses. The October Revolution showed the way, and it will definitely be followed more than once.

Happy holiday comrades!

https://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/7957860.html

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Throwing door open for oppressed people: Bolshevik Revolution changed the world forever
November 7, 2022 Stephen Millies

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Vladimir Lenin giving a speech to the Red Army in Sverdlov Square, Moscow, May 5, 1920. On the right of the platform is Leon Trotsky, commander of the Red Army.

One-hundred-and-five years ago, on Nov. 7, 1917, workers and peasants overthrew the capitalist government in Russia. The world hasn’t been the same since.

Two million soldiers in the Russian army had died in World War I. Russia was ruled by the cruel Czar Nicholas II.

Like the United States, the Russian Empire was a big prison of oppressed nationalities. Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Poles, Ukrainians, Georgians, Finns, Armenians, and other peoples were denied independence.

Wars of conquest slaughtered Muslims. As with Native nations in the Americas, Siberia’s Indigenous peoples were hunted down and killed.

Russian people were also oppressed. Many had been serfs, a sort of land slavery. But serf families couldn’t be broken up and sold like cattle, as African slaves were in the U.S.

Thirty thousand serfs died building St. Petersburg, the former Russian capital.

Serfdom was abolished in 1861, two years after the raid at Harpers Ferry led by John Brown. The outbreak of the U.S. Civil War may have influenced the czar to get rid of serfdom before the serfs got rid of him.

Lenin and the Bolsheviks

By 1914, serfdom was gone, but 30,000 big landlords still ruled the countryside, where five out of six people lived. The vast majority of peasants couldn’t read or write. Women had no rights.

Foreign capital poured into Russia, grabbing huge profits from long workdays in the factories. Striking workers were shot down.

Oppression breeds revolution. V.I. Lenin was the greatest leader of Russia’s revolution. He organized a communist party known as the Bolsheviks.

Lenin was 17 when his older brother Alexander was hanged for trying to assassinate the czar. When the Black revolutionary Jonathan Jackson was 17, he was killed trying to free his older brother George Jackson and other political prisoners.

Lenin studied the teachings of Karl Marx. Lenin taught that workers had to be saturated with Marx’s revolutionary knowledge and determination to win.

Soviets vs. pogroms

The first Russian Revolution broke out in 1905. Workers went on strike, shutting down factories and railroads. Peasants burned the gentry’s mansions. Czarism was on the ropes.

Workers formed councils called soviets. Today, we need peoples power assemblies to fight cutbacks, racism, and war.

European banks poured in loans to save czarist tyranny. In 1960, David Rockefeller’s Chase Manhattan bank — now the JPMorgan Chase & Co. bank — saved South Africa’s tottering apartheid regime with loans following the Sharpeville massacre.

The 1905 Revolution was also defeated because the czar was able to pit peasant soldiers against workers and even other peasants. Billionaires divide poor and working people in the U.S. today with racism and anti-immigrant bigotry.

Mass lynchings called pogroms led by czarist flunkies killed Jewish people. Hundreds of African Americans were massacred in pogroms in East St. Louis, Ill., in 1917 and in Tulsa, Okla., in 1921.

The Bolsheviks fought pogroms with guns in hand. Lenin waged war on racism. He enriched Marxism by teaching that workers in the big capitalist countries had to support revolts in the colonies.

“What emotion, enthusiasm, clear-sightedness and confidence it instilled into me!” was how Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh described Lenin’s “Theses on the National and Colonial Questions.”

The Black poet Claude McKay, who wrote “If We Must Die,” spoke in Red Moscow.

Peace, land and bread

Sick of war and hunger, women textile workers in Petersburg went on strike on March 8, 1917 — International Women’s Day. The holiday commemorates a strike of women garment workers in New York City.

Five days later, czarism was overthrown. Workers, peasants and soldiers made the revolution, but capitalists seized the reins.

For the next eight months, Lenin’s Bolsheviks won millions of poor people to socialist revolution by demanding bread, peace and land. Despite Lenin being forced underground, Bolsheviks won majorities in the soviets that sprung up everywhere.

These soviets overthrew capitalist leader Alexander Kerensky on Nov. 7. It’s called the Great October Socialist Revolution because under the old Russian calendar it occurred in October. It’s also called the October Revolution because many peoples, not just Russians, rose up to break their chains.

Peasants threw out the landlords. Bolsheviks exposed secret treaties that divided up colonies among the imperialist countries. This revolutionary energy helped overthrow Germany’s kaiser and end World War I.

Capitalist governments, including the U.S., waged war against the soviets on a dozen fronts. But the Red Army, led by Leon Trotsky, was victorious.

The 73-year-long war

The Soviet Union remained the target of world capitalism. Hitler came to power over the bones of the German working class.

Following Lenin’s death, this political isolation led to backward steps, including abolishing abortion rights. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin framed Bolshevik opponents while increasing inequality.

At the same time, the Soviet Union launched the first and biggest affirmative action program in history. Every person had the right to an education in their own language. The Soviet five-year plans created the world’s second-biggest economy. Everyone had a job.

Under Stalin’s leadership, the Soviet Union defeated Hitler. An estimated 27 million Soviet people died in World War II. The Red Army liberated Auschwitz, which the U.S. refused to bomb.

The Bolsheviks inspired the Chinese Revolution. The Soviet Union armed Korea and Vietnam against the U.S. war machine. Cuba was aided.

In 1988, it was Soviet weapons that allowed Angolan, Namibian, African National Congress and Cuban soldiers to defeat South Africa’s apartheid army at Cuito Cuanavale. Two years later, Nelson Mandela walked out of jail.

The Pentagon spent $5.5 trillion on nuclear weapons aimed at the Soviet Union. This unrelenting pressure finally led to the Soviet Union being overthrown in 1991.

Despite this tremendous defeat, the October Revolution will live forever.

https://struggle-la-lucha.org/2022/11/0 ... forever-2/
"There is great chaos under heaven; the situation is excellent."

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Thu Nov 10, 2022 3:17 pm

The bloody trail of Polish nationalists during the Second World War
November 10, 9:53 am

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In the historiography of the Second World War, it is generally accepted that among the countries occupied by Nazi Germany, the population of Poland cooperated with the occupiers least of all. Meanwhile, as the study of archival documents of the Soviet state security agencies shows, there are many documentary facts that irrefutably testify to the opposite.

Part of the Polish illegal paramilitaries, the so-called. The "Home Army" ("AK") not only actively cooperated with the invaders, but also took part in punitive actions against Polish patriots and Soviet partisans, as well as in the destruction of the peaceful Ukrainian and Belarusian population.

At the end of June 1944, the People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR reported to the USSR State Defense Committee on the situation developing inside the "AK", the contacts of the "Akovites" with the Nazi occupiers and the formation of the so-called German command. "Polish Legions".

So, in June 1944, on the territory of the General Government (part of occupied Poland), the operational group of the NKGB of the USSR, Major of State Security German Mukhin, intercepted a letter from the commander of the detachment of the Polish peasant movement "Battalions of Khlopskih" ("BH") - "Godfather" to his boss - "Orach ", which reported:

“... we are exhausted after two weeks of ambushes at the PPR. ... The flying detachments of the Home Army, receiving English planes, are hiding from us, covering their tracks. On their part, we see no desire to cooperate with us. We boil and seethe from combinations of leadership, from theft and speculation in discarded weapons. So things can come to an explosion ... This weapon is thrown by the gentlemen from the "AK" and it can be directed at our chest. The pans mock and deceive us.

I am waiting for a decision - whether to recapture the dropped weapons from the villains, or to look for them in German estates ... We will try to settle scores.

The commander of the "Utes" task force, State Security Captain Ivan Yurkin, whose group in January-March 1944 operated on the territory of the Lublin, Krakow and Warsaw voivodeships, as an example reflecting the relationship within the "AK", cited a statement by the commander of one of the detachments of the "Battalions of Cotton" (BKh ) - “Bleskovitsa” to the “Polski zvyanzek insurgents” (“PZP”) detachments:

“We are against all these dandies representing officers of the Polish army. We have fundamental differences with them. They need the old Polish government of the landowners, and we, on the contrary, are fighting for a new democratic Poland... Undoubtedly, Poland must orient itself towards Russia. We consider the Soviet Union the only country that will help us drive out the Germans and ensure the free existence of Poland in the future.

The document also noted that "... Polish illegal organizations that recognize the London government, regardless of their attitude towards the Soviet partisans and the Red Army, treat the Polish Workers' Party and the People's Guard with irreconcilable hostility."

The German occupation authorities took advantage of the conflicts within the Polish underground in order to use Polish nationalists in the fight against Polish patriots and Soviet partisans, not shunning all sorts of provocations.

According to the head of the operational group of the NKGB of the USSR, senior lieutenant of state security G. Mukhin, who operated in the Pinsk region, “... in the Stolbovtsy and Nesvizh districts of the Baranovichi region, the Polish Volunteer Army, formed by the Germans, is stationed under the name of the Polish Legions. Legions number 1500-1700 people. In the city of Tarnow, Krakow region, the Germans also posted an announcement calling for joining the Polish Legions.

The head of the operational group of the NKGB of the USSR, State Security Major Viktor Karasev, in May 1944 said: “... the commander of the Polish illegal detachment Shanets, operating in the mountains. Ostrawiec, received automatic weapons from the Germans, as well as badges with images of the Polish coat of arms, a white eagle with an inscription in Polish and German.

Facts that spoke about the cooperation of the “Akovites” with the Nazis also came from other regions. So, for example, the task force of the NKGB of the USSR, operating in the Sventsitsky and Svirsky regions of the Lithuanian SSR, reported: “... on the initiative of the Germans at the end of January of this year. (1944) the commander of the Polish brigade "Lopashko" began negotiations with them on the fight against partisans. As a result of negotiations in early February of this year. in the areas indicated above, Gebitskommissar Wulf gave the order to cease hostilities between the German-Lithuanian and Polish armed forces ... ".

Memorandum No. 2386 / m of the NKGB of the USSR to the State Defense Committee of the USSR (Stalin, Molotov, Beria) about the situation in Polish underground organizations, the clashes of “BH” and “AK”, their contacts with the Nazi invaders and the formation by the German authorities of the so-called. "Polish Legions". June 26, 1944 Moscow.

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In a special message of the task force of the NKGB of the USSR, operating in the area south of Krakow, dated January 9, 1945, it was said:

“The head of the task force operating south of Krakow, major of state security comrade. Zolotar reports ... According to the same data, the command of the Home Army issued an order prohibiting attacks on the Germans. This event is motivated by the increased danger of their defeat by German punitive detachments in winter conditions ...

Special communication No. "AK" and the prohibition of attacks on the Germans. January 9, 1945

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The command of the "AK" subdivisions carried out a purge of their own detachments, mercilessly destroyed their own soldiers - Jews, on suspicion of sympathy for the Soviet Union:

"The head of the operational group, major of state security comrade. Zolotar reports that... the commander of the "AK" regiment of the Krakow Voivodeship, Major "Borowy" (Polish officer, artillery major Adam Stabrava, in 1944 the commander of the First Regiment of Podhalian Riflemen of the "Home Army") gave a secret order to the detachments of his regiment to shoot everyone Jews who are in the service of AK, due to the fact that they, allegedly, can defect to the Soviet partisans and provide information about AK, its tasks and structure.

Special message No. 4/8/965 of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR in the NKGB of the USSR about the secret instruction of the commander of the "AK" regiment of the Krakow Voivodeship to shoot Jews, members of the "AK". January 31, 1945 Moscow

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Information about the destruction of persons sympathizing with the Soviet partisans by the “Akovites” also came from other task forces. On January 21, 1945, the head of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR Pavel Sudoplatov sent a memorandum to the Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR Bogdan Kobulov about the recruitment of Lieutenant "AK" nicknamed "Charny" - Lieutenant of the Italian Army Enzo Boletti of the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment of the "Tridentina" division .

“Charny”, among other things, reported that “... in the AK detachments, a purge of officers is taking place. The entire old command staff is relieved of their posts and Polish officers sent from England are appointed in their place. ... persons who sympathize with the Soviet Union, as well as those associated with Soviet partisans, are physically destroyed by the AK high command.

Special communication No. 4/651 of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR in the NKGB of the USSR on the testimony of Lieutenant "AK" "Charny" about the purges among the officers of the "AK" and the physical destruction of persons sympathetic to the USSR. January 21, 1945 Moscow.

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In the spring of 1945, the "Akovites" did not hesitate to act together with the Germans. On March 12, 1945, the head of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR Pavel Sudoplatov reported to the People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR Vsevolod Merkulov the information received from the commander of the front-line Special Group of the NKGB of the USSR, Senior Lieutenant Alexander Shikhov, who operated in the Vilna region:

“... the bandit Voitkevich Eduard was detained, who, being I am sure that he is dealing in the face of Comrade. Shikhova with the head of the gang, told him about his belonging to the gang "Mosquito", called his nickname "Pantsesh" and said that the gang "Mosquito" consists of 60 regular bandits and is armed with 5 machine guns and a lot of machine guns.

"Pantsesh" also reported that in the "Komar" gang there is a group of German paratroopers in the amount of 6 people, led by a major who has a walkie-talkie, with which he communicates with the German command "

Special message No. 4/8/2232 of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB USSR in the NKGB of the USSR about the presence of German paratroopers with a radio station in the AK gang. March 12, 1945 Moscow

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Bandits "AK" were engaged in terror against the commanders of the Red Army (allies in the Anti-Hitler coalition). On January 18, 1945, the head of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR, Pavel Sudoplatov, sent a memo to the Main Directorate of Counterintelligence "Smersh" of the NPO of the USSR and to the people's commissars of state security of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Lithuanian USSR. The document stated:

“According to intelligence data from our operational group operating on the territory of Poland, the leadership of the Home Army supplied its branches with a large amount of poisons in order to use them for individual terror against Soviet officers.

So, the commander of one of the battalions of the AK regiment Borovoy received special poisons, among which a powder that irritates the skin is used by pollinating clothes and potassium cyanide.

After the war in the Polish People's Republic (PNR), the "Akovtsy" received the nickname "damned soldiers" for their cooperation with the occupiers. In today's Poland, bandits and punishers from the "Home Army" are honored as "heroes".

Service note No. 4/8/559 of the 4th Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR in the Smersh GUKR of the NPO of the USSR, the NKGB of the Ukrainian SSR, the BSSR and the Lithuanian SSR on the supply of AK branches with poisons for individual terror against officers of the Red Army. January 18, 1945 Moscow

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http://www.fsb.ru/fsb/history/archival_material/AK.htm - zinc

https://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/7964645.html

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Numerous images of documents in Russian(Polish?) at link.
"There is great chaos under heaven; the situation is excellent."

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Tue Nov 15, 2022 3:45 pm

Methodology for Researching the Causes of the Restoration of Capitalism in the USSR

On the diamatic approach to the problem of revealing the essence of the cause as such


I doubt that after reading the article by N.O. Arkhangelskaya: “On some reasons for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR” 1 , someone will be able to clearly identify these “some reasons”, especially since the author herself could neither formulate them nor determine the main of them, and, consequently, did not form an idea of ​​the main mistake of the CPSU, without revealing which, it is impossible to build communism in any country, including, for example, in modern China. There is a syndrome of contagious democratic market irresponsibility in theory acquired over the years of reforms. Freedom of reasoning is everything, the end product of research is nothing.

Nevertheless, one of the strengths of the article, which may bring some benefit to readers, is the fact that it presents without distortion numerous historical facts of a certain fragment of the history of the USSR.

However, having set herself the task of finding some REASONS for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, Arkhangelskaya did not begin to explain to the reader what it means to find a REASON. The author did not take into account that, after the implementation of Fursenko's reforms, this is not taught at all in schools and universities of the Russian Federation. It follows from the context of the article that the author believes that by citing the facts of recent history, she thereby demonstrates the "reasons". They say that the Central Committee made such and such a decision in such and such a year - that's the reason for you. And why the Central Committee made such decisions with enviable constancy, starting from the period of Khrushchev's rule, remains unclear, which threatens to repeat the worst unscrupulousness in economic policy. This is exactly what is happening in the leadership, for example, of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the RKWP and the KPU.

In my opinion, Arkhangelskaya, like most modern left-wing authors, if she has some skills of superficial, factoscopic research, she understands it only within the first stage of cognition, i.e. analysis - "separation of the one." However, the second, minimally necessary operation, “synthesis”, has not been mastered by the author at all, and therefore the author has not been able to formulate a single proven, much less general conclusion about the reason for the restoration of capitalism.

In taking on the education of readers in the 21st century, the author has not moved a millimeter forward compared to those who also worked on this problem in the 20th century. To the list of authors that Arkhangelskaya cited, one can add Khabarova, and Gubanov, and Yakushev, and Khorev, and Tyulkin and Ampilov, who also wrote on this topic and also did not convince anyone, even each other. Moreover, all the party documents that Arkhangelskaya cited exist in archives, in libraries, i.e. the information provided by Arkhangelskaya (once again) exists in an accessible form, read and re-read, more than once or twice published in all the media, both at one time and later, but did not make any impression either on the members of the CPSU or on the townsfolk. It is strange that the author does not see this circumstance and reuses reused facts.

Therefore, it is necessary to specifically explain to the readers of Proryv what, unfortunately, neither the RCWP nor, even more so, the RKSM(b) understands in matters of diamatics of cause-and-effect relationships.

In the philosophy of Marxism, the category CAUSE is adopted to denote not just a specific historical fact that precedes an event (at best, this is called a prerequisite or reason), but, first of all, a factor that has reached a certain degree of maturity and is in unity with its opposite, and therefore in the state fight against it, denying it, which gives the INVESTIGATION a strictly defined, specific character, and relatively stableview. Simply put, struggle and only struggle can be the cause of this or that effect. Nothing in the universe arises without struggle, understood diamatically. In turn, the struggle arises there and then, where and when the identity and unity of opposites takes place.

The consequence cannot arise otherwise than through the unity, identity and struggle of opposing factors. In turn, the course and outcome of the struggle of any opposites depends on the ratio of their potentials, i.e. forces. In inanimate nature, the balance of forces is formed spontaneously and only objectively. In society, the balance of power is formed with the irrevocable participation of consciousness, regardless of the degree of its development and adequacy. But, naturally, the level of adequacy of consciousness cannot but play a significant constructive or destructive role in the process of forming the correlation of forces of the opposing sides in society. The historical process is not a simple sequence of facts. Any fact is itself a product of a cause, i.e. confrontation of opposites, and it is precisely these that an adherent of diamatics should be able to identify.

What is the ratio of fact and factor in reality? A fact , for example, is the economic strike of the proletarians, regardless of its scale. It is clear that a single economic strike has never gone beyond the scope of a local event and cannot be the cause of the collapse of capitalism. However, the sluggish but chronic process of local economic strikes by proletarians over the past three hundred years has become a factorwhich gives the entire class struggle a trend that suits the entrepreneurial class. If, at times, some unions managed to organize a "nationwide" strike, for example, of truck drivers, as was the case in Chile in 1973, coordinated in time and purpose (the overthrow of the Allenda government), or a "nationwide" strike of railway workers alone and, for example, , only in France, then none of these "nationwide" strikes led to the elimination of the REASONS for the steady deterioration of the position of the proletariat in the world. Moreover, the "nationwide" economic strike of Soviet miners in 1990 led to ... the restoration of capitalism in the USSR. For the miners themselves, this resulted in a phenomenal increase in deaths at the slaughter, rising unemployment and falling living standards. But,

Modern trade union bosses, who are supported by big capital, cannot allow a truly nationwide coordinated strike of ALL trade unions at the same time, without destroying, thereby, the source of their personal well-being - capitalism. It would not be an exaggeration to say that capitalism has existed for several hundred years also because economic strikes have always been organized by trade union bosses in such a way that they constantly improve the skills of the capitalists in their struggle to divide the labor movement, to amputate the political component of this movement. Such, in brief, is an illustration of the relationship between fact and factor in the historical process.

A leap in the development of society does not occur as a result of a local fact that has taken place, but as a result of the maturation of objective and subjective factors of a quality leapanything. Every cause produces an effect, but not every fact is a cause. The majority, voluntary or involuntary, Bernsteinians, tailists, by virtue of their methodological castration, put all their energy, and sometimes even their very lives, on the altar of participation in the first and last fact of their struggle. After the first shelling, especially after a defeat, beating or imprisonment, as age-old practice shows, supporters of economic forms of struggle either completely drop out of the struggle, hit on god-building or, in fact, defect to the side of the enemy. Since the economic strike contains no political components in its design, it cannot provide anything constructive for a fundamental solution to the social problems of wage workers.

Since diamatics obliges us to consider all phenomena in the entire scope of their connections, including both spatial and temporal, the identification of the cause cannot be limited even to the identification of the factor as such, outside its spatio-temporal characteristics, outside of qualitative and quantitative analysis, i.e. e. outside the full diamatic context of the prerequisites for its maturation. In addition, to identify the cause of any consequence, it means, in addition to considering the actual leading objective factor, to prove the consistency of the METHOD used by the author of the study of opposing factors.

In social life, a factor develops and leads to the necessary consequences only when there is an increase in the number of its elements of a strictly defined QUALITY . If, for example, the number of real Bolsheviks in the party grows , then the process of building communism, as a consequence of the above reason, will proceed successfully. Practice has proved that, no matter how dynamically the number of formal members growsin the CPSU, with their gradual slide from the positions of Bolshevism to positions of personal careerism, technocracy, economism and tailism, the time of building communism will only move away, and capitalism will increase its track record of world and local colonial wars, crises, bankruptcies, fascist coups, terrorism , genocide, immorality.

To be diamatic means to see the cause in its movement and development. An attempt to identify the cause, ignoring the movement of the opposites that give rise to it, i.e. absolute and relative rates of development of interacting factors, is similar to an attempt to understand the causes of the emergence of biological, and even more so, social forms of movement on Earth, through the study of one rubber doll of the era of democracy.

Therefore, the word cause should be understood, first of all, as the RATES of development of opposite factors , involved by natural historical circumstances in unity and struggle, therefore, in the process of negation of negation. The negation itself (the moment of the jump) is unthinkable otherwise than as a consequence of MOVEMENT, i.e. objective accumulation of quantitative changes leading to a qualitative leap.

For subjects who underestimate the role of the diamatic law of motion of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of opposites in the study of causes , it may seem that the reason, for example, for the arrival of a subject from point A to point B is the very fact that he has a car. In fact, the arrival of the car owner at point B will take place only if the car will MOVE all the necessary time and WALK the whole way, opposing space and time. If our “car” owner also has a competitor, then he may not get to point B at all, and then the insufficiency of the first assumption that the car is the exhaustive causearrival at point B, becomes even more obvious. Even if we disregard the practice of contract killings, then, depending on the differences in the driving skills of the owners of the “car”, one of the competitors will arrive at point B earlier than the other and, thereby, will make the arrival of the other competitor completely meaningless. The loser might not drive from the very beginning, but he did not know until the very finish that he had the worst set of factors for moving at the required speed. It is a lower level of understanding by one of the competitors that victory is achieved not as a result of the very fact of having a vehicle at his disposal, but as a result of mobilizing the whole complex of necessary factors to achieve superiority over a competitor in the movement itself., with a sufficient understanding of the mechanism for achieving superiority over a competitor in preparation for the movement, and leads one of the warring parties to defeat.

Of course, there will be readers who will demand to clarify the example to the smallest detail, down to car brands, crankshaft speeds, etc., which secondary school teachers often encounter if they inadvertently offer children some illustration for some tedious educational subject. There are also those who will cite an old proverb: the slower you go, the further you will be.

But the diamatic, as soon as he proceeds from the recognition of the primacy of being in relation to reflection, therefore, the primacy of the objective in relation to the subjective, when comprehending any problem, refers to the time factor as an objective one and does not repeat after the Einsteinians the stupidity that there was a time when I had no time. The process of development of society is determined not by the very fact of the existence of opposites and not even by the very fact of their confrontation, but by the RATE of these factors in time and space. In turn, the pace of development of events, i.e. the moment of the jump and its social orientation, is determined by the rate of maturation of one of the factors, which, precisely because of the superiority of dynamic characteristics, turns into the leadingthe strength of this phase of the confrontation of opposites.

Marx theoretically proved that individuals cannot speed up history, but they can bring the pace of events closer to the optimal . And vice versa. Individuals cannot stop history, no matter how hard they try, but, as practice has shown, individual individuals sometimes succeed in slowing down this process. This role was especially successful, for example, for Herostratus, Nero, Kalligula, Genghis Khan, Denikin, Hitler, Voityla, Solzhenitsyn, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Gaidar, Novodvorskaya, Alexy II. Now Kirill is working hard in this field, and Nemtsov is not far behind him.

It is clear that the quantitative certainty and spatial prevalence of one of the factors is the higher, the higher the rate of its development. Consequently, capitalism can rot for an arbitrarily long time if its opposite factor, Bolshevism, solves the problem of building up the necessary quality of its party more slowly than capitalism adapts to the pace of development of the workers' and communist movement. And the labor movement, in turn, develops the more slowly, the faster Bolshevism is washed out of the labor movement by the growth in the number of supporters of economism in the parties that bear the name "communist".

As history has shown, this circumstance was and is understood by the most well-read supporters of capitalism from the Nobel, Cribble, and Soros foundations. It is impossible to imagine that inveterate entrepreneurs, accustomed to buying all the “pleasures” of life and paying for the most inconceivable abominations, “suddenly” changed their principle. They, like many of their fellows in a parasitic way of life, did not spare hundreds of millions of dollars to carry out their personnel policy in intellectual, trade union, political party environments, against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, for the implementation of the orange, pink, tulip, velvet revolutions and the Arab spring. On their money lived, live and hinder the progress of public consciousness in the name of the interests of the oligarchs such verbiage of Russia as, for example, Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn, Brodsky, Alekseeva,

Since the social strata of society are developing unevenly both qualitatively and quantitatively, the diamatist has no choice but to assume that one of the opposites in specific historical conditions will inevitably turn into the LEADING factor of modernity .

For example, the bourgeois and the proletarian are identical as commodity owners, but the difference in the quality of the goods at their disposal leads to the fact that the leading side of their unity is the entrepreneur, since he has a huge amount of free time to improve his entrepreneurial and political skills. As a result, there is a dynamic concentration, centralization, i.e. the monopolization of precisely capital in the hands of a few entrepreneurs, and not miserable wages in the hands of the smallest owners of the commodity "labor power", since the owners of the commodity "labor power", after a day's work, no longer have the strength to resolve any intellectual and political "tasks".

With the growth of the economic resistance of the proletarians alone, the capitalist can endure, suffer a penny loss for him of several hundred million dollars, knowing that the proletarians, led by opportunist leaders, only blackmailed entrepreneurs for hundreds of years, but did not intend to change the order of things radically, as and are not going to "utilize" the proletarian class today in the leading direction of the market identity, i.e. into a really struggling working class. Therefore, in conditions of economic strikes, the capitalists only slightly postpone the moment of purchasing the commodity "labor power" until the owners of labor power are hungry and again become extremely accommodating. So far, the capitalists are doing better than the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the RKWP.

However, as history has shown, with the transition of the proletarians to the political and to the political form of struggle, the bearers of the commodity "labor power" turn into the working class, i.e. to the leading side of this identity, self-sufficient, because, firstly, it is the workers who really set in motion ALLmeans of production, and secondly, in the context of the development of the political struggle, the entrepreneur is no longer able to buy labor, because in the course of the struggle for power, wage slaves begin to overcome the syndrome of their unintentional historical "no alternative" marketability. If market democratic officials are prostituted by conviction and sold at every opportunity, to anyone, then the workers are driven into the shops by the threat of starvation of their children. In other words, the totality of the factors of market democracy dooms most of the proletarians to the role of an appendage chained to the workplace.

The workers switch to political struggle only when, under the influence of the abomination of market life and thanks to the competent, explanatory work of the communists, they have already realized the futility of their wage slavery and that, without workers, entrepreneurs are objectively absolutely unable to put into action the means of production they have privatized. . In the meantime, we are living through that tragicomic period when all economic reports testify to the fundamental worthlessness and blatant illiteracy of all private owners of the planet's main means of production, to the absolute parasitism of the entire banking system, however, not only workers, but also the party intelligentsia still cannot take a sober look at a few propaganda clichés about the brilliance of the market economy hammered into their minds by market wage earnersMASS MEDIA. In other words, with the objective auto-degradation of capitalism and the self-discredit of the market "regulators", the level of the scientific and theoretical potential of the modern communist leadership is significantly lower than the level of 1917. Russia, so far, without the Bolsheviks.

In this situation, the reason for optimism is only the course of the objective development of capitalism in the Russian Federation and in the world, which gives rise to ever greater contradictions between entrepreneurs and raiders, between Europeans within the EEC, between Europe and America, between industrial and post-industrial countries. For the first time in American history, fairly representative masses of people came to the conclusion about the blatant incompetence of bigwigs from the "city" and the entire American administration. As Lenin said, capitalism could not have been overthrown if it had not been eroded by history itself.

Connoisseurs of diamatics are not surprised, for example, that identical twins are identical as upright mammals, and only in this capacity are they indistinguishable. But in trade they are irreconcilable competitors , no matter how much we are convinced that they can be partners. Therefore, long before the overthrow of the entire capitalist class, they are forced to consistently devour each other, reducing the size of the class to the cries of the need to support the constantly devoured small businessmen and who think a lot about themselves, but constantly find themselves in the role of deceived investors and equity holders, representatives of the "middle class".

A sincere companion in a market economy is a pastoral mythical episode, a competitor is a real all-encompassing system of relations of the market herd. Modern criminal chronicle day after day clearly demonstrates the deceit and bloodthirstiness of all market "companions". For example, the “mysterious” death of Vlad Listyev, the even more “mysterious” death of Badri Patarkatsishvili against the backdrop of litigation by his partners, Berezovsky and Abramovich, is a convincing illustration of the cost of companionship in the system of market democracy.

Some modern entrepreneurs who seek to establish corporate relations in the system of private property, in fact, understand that only one of the many partners, from the very beginning, is objectively leading and, ultimately, winning. But in order to defeat your competitors within the corporation, you need to at least temporarily convince the sucker that they are all partners and that supposedly corporate interest is a condition for defeating external competitors. Anyone who has studied the works of Carnegie and Soros understands all these "mechanics" very well. Whoever believes more firmly in the idea of ​​corporatism, he ... loses the most. He tries to make a sincere contribution to the prosperity of the corporation, but all the fruits of victories will go to those who from the very beginning believed only in competition. After the “corporation” wins over an external competitor, a “showdown” will begin in the camp of the winners, possibly with a corporate beating of the weakest or strongest link within the “corporation”, depending on the tactical skill of the applicant for a monopoly.

This example illustrates that diamatic truth, according to which, not the very unity of opposites, but the ratio of their objective content, constantly changing its qualitative and quantitative certainty, dooms the struggle to a strictly defined result, i.e. for a specific outcome.

(Continued, Pt 1 of 2.)
"There is great chaos under heaven; the situation is excellent."

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Tue Nov 15, 2022 3:53 pm

(Continued, Pt 2 of 2.)

On the Diamatics of the Objective and the Subjective in the Course of Revealing the Causes of the Restoration of Capitalism in the USSR

The question may arise, are the subjective and objective identical? Diamatics answers in the affirmative. For mentally healthy people, reasoning about an object always, in the end, leads to the comprehension of the essence of the object under study. Subjectively formulated truths, from the point of view of the degree of their adequacy to the object of reflection, are identical to the objective content of the subject of research and, at the same time, are opposite to it, since thought, no matter how accurate it is, remains a thought about the object, but not the object itself. Another question is what is adequatethinking, as an inalienable PROPERTY of a person, objectively transforms the subject himself, puts him in a different relationship with the outside world, nevertheless, figuratively speaking, thought is a form of ordering atoms or electrons (this is especially clear in magnetic media), but not the generation of atoms from the very thought.

In Soviet schools and universities for knowledge that is not identical to objective reality, they firmly and reasonably put deuces. In democratic market conditions, especially with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, positive test scores, in a significant number of cases, are given for bribes. In these cases, market educators generally do not pay attention to where the answer comes from: from the bible, wikipedia, or a textbook.

Objective factors, as you know, do not depend on consciousness, but consciousness, even adequate consciousness , depends on the content of objective social being and does not include anything that would not be contained in objective reality. We note, in passing, that only that consciousness can be adequate, the carriers of which do not try to explain the problems of being from the standpoint of delusion, incl. Einsteinianism, i.e. Machism in physics and, denying each other, branches of theology. Many planets, as shown by space research, do without signs of the presence of human forms of consciousness. And nothing. And human consciousness exists only due to the property of matter to reflect all forms of its own being, and, for now, consciousness manifests itself clearlyonly in strictly defined, primarily terrestrial conditions of the existence of matter. The most that the world scientific community is counting on is the presence of at least mold on Mars. And will be extremely satisfied with this discovery.

The objective and the subjective are in an inseparable unity and, naturally, a struggle, the essence of which can only be understood diamatically. Consciousness will look funny if all information about the material world is emasculated from it. It turns out the inner world is infinitely poorer than that of a deaf-deaf-mute newborn. The development of deaf-deaf-dumb human individuals has so far occurred only due to the accumulation of information about the surrounding material world, which entered their consciousness through the organs of touch. The diversity of the material world predetermines the richness of emotions and knowledge, tasks and functions, connections and relationships that arise in human society.

The thesis about the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of consciousness in isolation from considering them as an identity , as a form of unity of opposites, is absolutely fruitless. This formulation works only as a password for anyone who wants to enter the hallway of dialectical materialism. However, having passed the "gates" of science, delving into its expanses, it is just as useless and dangerous to trump this password as it is to wave a purchased diploma, offering your services as, for example, the chief engineer at Fokushima-1.

Each of the factors of social development plays its role within the framework of cause-and-effect relationships. Objective factors are uncompromising and, therefore, the history of mankind, developing sinusoidally within the framework of privately owned historical epochs, from one extreme to another , in the integral result, is progressively progressive , although, due to mass ignorance, it is predominantly dramatic. Subjective factors, first of all, knowledge, slowly moving from ignorance and delusion to the truth, doom the process of practical development of society, figuratively speaking, to the "great waves of Kondratiev". In the era of the dominance of the principle of private property, the townsfolk, at times, have mastered and are mastered by completely idiotic religious, economic and political "ideas". Carrying them out, the masses of people moved quite rapidly and are moving in a direction chosen at random by the will of the majority of incompetent voters, deputies and presidents and, only having entered the swamp up to their throats, change the vector of movement, becoming under the banner of another religious fanatic, like Moses, or a religious demagogue, like Gapon, with the same "success". Those. sinusoidal, and in many cases, suicidal type of development of modern society, as a special kind of matter, endowed with a relatively more developed reflection potential compared to other forms of matter, but using this potential for only a few percent of its capabilities, is only a special case of natural wave processes , which form the basis of the forms of movement of the de- intellectualized layers of the universe.

Nevertheless, the social fluctuations of past historical epochs (from extremely reactionary social forms to relatively progressive ones) prove the presence of an active force (creative or inhibitory) in the subjective factor, its ability, in some cases, to optimize events (in terms of the pace of development of progressive changes) , and in other cases, hinder the development of society, keeping it within the framework of reactionary tendencies.

In geographic latitudes in which for millions of years no shifts in the intellectual development of upright mammals have been observed, within the same millions of years there has been no social development, although everyday work with the use of tools has taken place and is taking place. A person is not able to invent a new tool of labor before he discovers for his consciousness new properties of the material world around him and sees in these properties a hint that allows using the properties of matter to increase labor productivity. By raising labor productivity through new tools of labor, changing the volume and improving the quality of manufactured products, a person is looking for new forms of social, including economic relations. But not before the initial foggyideas about the necessity and possibility of these relations.

All this allows us to conclude that the development of matter gives rise to consciousness, and consciousness brings the objective material forces of society , its productive forces, into new, consciously synthesized forms of movement. But any deviations of public consciousness from the objective laws of the motion of matter itself doom the decisions made and the actions carried out to a disastrous result. In turn, the objectively tragic lessons of human history force the public consciousness to reconsider its previous decisions and, most importantly, not only avoid repeating them or look for unprincipled “other” solutions, but also more and more purposefully seek solutions that contain logic ., Euclidean conscientious. Today, in the movement of a part of the Russian electorate, the path of the political movement "from Putin" ... to nowhere is clearly outlined. But the majority of participants in the swamp movement do not notice this absurdity, just as the participants in the symbolic meeting on Poklonnaya Hill do not notice the rottenness of their arguments.

Many productive solutions have already been found by the classics of Marxism-Leninism, victoriously tested, first of all, by Lenin and Stalin. But now these theoretical, ingeniously formulated "recipes for victory" and descriptions of victorious experience are gathering dust on the bookshelves. The slaves of the meeting and economic forms of resistance today absolutely do not have enough time to fulfill the order of the classics, which says that since communism has become a science, it must be treated like a science, i.e. study and develop it. As a result, we are witnessing a catastrophic decline in theoretical culture among the so-called modern leaders of the communist movement. Now we see Zyuganov at the belt of the Virgin, then Ampilov, who asked for a speech after Zhirinovsky on the rostrum of the Liberal Democratic Party, then Udaltsov in the second rows of the presidium of the rally,

Thus, in identifying the main reason for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, communists need to reveal subjective factors, i.e. YOUR GUILT , which led to such a sad consequence. Of course, tsarism was also to blame for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, which did not allow capitalism to develop sufficiently, which Lenin repeatedly complained about. Of course, an even greater merit in the restoration of capitalism in the USSR belongs to the oligarchs of the whole world, who fought against the USSR throughout the 70 years of its existence. But the fact is that the world oligarchy is a factor that was equally present in history , equally influenced eventsand at 17, and at 21, and at 37, and at 41, and at 45, and at 57 years of the twentieth century. The oligarchs constantly used ALL their forces to destroy the USSR, but for 70 years they could not do it.

Therefore, if, even the enemies of communism, they certainly admit that the USSR arose, grew stronger, won many victories, then this means that all the necessary OBJECTIVE prerequisites for the October Revolution (the level of development of the means of production, the degree of their concentration and centralization in Russia) already by 1917 reached the REQUIRED value of maturity and, being connected with the SUBJECTIVE factors of the revolutionary situation (the absolutely SUFFICIENT military combat training of workers and peasants, received by them in the trenches of the First World War, the personal COMPETENCE of Lenin and his inner circle in matters of theory and practice of putting Marxism into practice) , gave a scientifically predicted result. If there had been no maturity of objective factors, then neither the October political coup would have succeeded, nor the victory over the White Guards and foreign interventionists,


But if the USSR, after several decades of triumphant victories in all areas of human activity (from ballet and chess, to hydrogen weapons and peaceful space exploration), nevertheless collapsed, then it is natural to assume that the restoration of capitalism took place due to a subjective factor. Diamatically speaking, the objective reason for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR is subjective .

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Only a complete moron can argue from the rostrum of the swamp-tahrir Maidan that the objective material and technical and scientific and technological conditions of the late 80s in the USSR were significantly worse than in 1917 or 1941, when the imperialist countries tested socialism on strength from the outside by the most savage, terrorist, fascist methods. Before Khrushchev came to power, there was no branch of knowledge, no types of material production in which world imperialism, taken together, would have a tangible superiority over the USSR. For many, especially basic productions and technologies, the USSR, even in the Brezhnev era, has already come out on top in the world. Moreover, the planned system of production and distribution of products, the planned system of expanded reproduction of society, built by Stalin, forced the capitalist world to coordinate their efforts in an attempt to keep up with the pace and directions of development of the USSR. The USSR clearly lagged behind the West in only two industries - pornography and the production of bourgeois "luxury" cars for the oligarchs. The crises that now do not let go of the world market economy are generated, first of all, by the fact that the planned, full-industry, scientifically organized reproduction collapsed.society in the USSR, and along with this, the development guidelines for all “civilized markets” based on the principles of private property, i.e. on the personal stupidity of the oligarchs and, therefore, who do not have any socially, culturally and historically significant landmarks. Again, the only planned and predictable market for many years has become the "market" of means of mass and sophisticated destruction of people. Atomic and immoral.

Economism as a specific historical reason for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR

In her study, Arkhangelskaya did not take into account that the search for the cause of the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, a Marxist must carry out from the standpoint of the UNITY of the three components of Marxism, and not from the standpoint, even the most sophisticated, econometrics, with a dogmatic interpretation of the formula about the primacy of the basis and the secondary superstructure.

Marxism arose from the need for scientific understanding of the most general, objective lawsdevelopment of SOCIETY and, consequently, the laws of development of the class struggle. In turn, the class struggle is the highest form of politics. Before the Great October Revolution, history was shaped by the struggle of slave owners against primitive communism, feudal lords against slave owners, capitalists against feudal lords. For the first time, the class of hired slaves, direct producers of material and spiritual values, entered the arena of political struggle as a force capable of solving its own problems and satisfying the needs of its own development. Prior to this, the struggle of the oppressed classes was always utilized by the exploiters in the interests of robbing the masses, who directly sacrificed themselves to the revolution and received nothing from this participation, except for even greater poverty and humiliation, as is happening today in the countries of the Arab world. Arkhangelsk,“politics cannot but have primacy over economics, to forget this means to forget the ABC of Marxism” that “politics is a concentrated expression of economics . ” She looked in the economy for the reasons for the degradation of the policy of the CPSU.

The main issue of politics, as you know, is the question of power. But for a Marxist, the question of power stands on a plane opposite to the bourgeois formulation of the question of power. Proryv has more than once drawn the attention of its readers to the fact that the political power of the working class resembles power in general only in some of its outward attributes. This "similarity" is akin to the one that can be found in two identical missiles, if you "forget" that one will launch a scientific satellite into orbit, and the other will carry nuclear warheads. Power, as an institution of peremptory forceful dictate, is necessary for the class of exploiters to perpetuatehis dominance. European and American oligarchs have been using the power of the police and the military on an unprecedented scale for several years in a row to protect laws that allow raising the retirement age, cutting jobs, increasing tuition fees, but in modern democratic literature, if violence is considered, then, of course, 80 years ago and only in the form of "Stalinist repressions". Any beating of demonstrators or strikers in Athens, Paris, London, Rome, Lisbon, New York is presented by the democratic media as medical actions that have nothing to do with the forcible retention of power by tyrants, incomparably more bloodthirsty than Hitler, but at the same time, more cunning to get the crowd to fight the police and not themselves.

Power to the working class, i.e. forceful influence on the minority removed from power is necessary only in order to RELEASE society from the power of one subject over many people FOREVER . The misunderstanding of this diamatics by modern proletarians is simply crying out. They do not understand that the oligarchs exist exactly to the extent that the police manage to keep by force the bulk of the people from seizing enterprises, from expropriating by the proletarians the values ​​created by the proletarians themselves. Communism saves society from civil wars, and market democracy, as all the experience of Western civilization shows, FORCE HOLDS SOCIETY IN THE STATE OF CONTINUOUS CIVIL WAR.

Consequently, in revealing the reasons for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, it is absolutely insufficient to state certain economic facts and decisions of the CPSU in the field of economics, which is very often and unreasonably called economic policy. That was the practice of "random poke", not connected with the scientific understanding of the needs of the class struggle in the new historical conditions. It is a great sin to attribute Khrushchev, Kosygin, Andropov, Gorbachev, Ligachev, Yakovlev to the number of people who have mastered the scientific method of thinking. It was the democracy of the elections in the party that brought a pack of incompetent majority to power in the CPSU. Suffice it to recall that two-thirds voted for the transfer of the USSR to a market economy at the 28th Congress of the CPSUdelegates to the highest body of party power. How could the grave-diggers of communism penetrate the congress, except by the will of the majority in the party organizations.


Therefore, in order to answer the question about the reason for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, it is important to find out what happened to the institution of political power in the USSR, for what reasons the CPSU, for the first time in the history of mankind, connected all reproductive processes with science, which had an unprecedented influence on all economic processes in the country and in the world, sometimes identified with the “dictatorship of the proletariat” itself, “suddenly” lost all influence on the citizens of the USSR, on the Armed Forces of the USSR, on the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and turned out to be abolished, judged by Yeltsinoid defectors.

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They may object, they say, but Lenin spoke of the economy as the most interesting policy and “therefore”, they say, regardless of the historical tasks that arise before political movements, the formulation invariably works: the economy (matter) is primary, the superstructure (ideology, politics) - secondary.

Meanwhile, for Lenin, the economy turned into the most interesting politics ONLY after the working class removed the entrepreneurs and all its "dissident" henchmen from any authority. And before the revolution, Lenin spoke about the economy, first of all, as a form of decay of the capitalist community, and that it was precisely this decay, i.e. monopolization of the market by oligarchs, i.e. the concentration of production, the huge masses of proletarians in the factories, with properly staged agitation, allows the working class to carry out a political revolution, without which it is impossible to begin to eliminate the "furunculosis" and "gangrene" of imperialism, and even more so, to build a healthy society.

But even after the implementation of the political upheaval, the diamatics of strategic and tactical tasks, goals and means of their achievement remained unchanged. “Communism, ” Lenin wrote, “ is SOVIET POWER plus the electrification of all countries . ” As we see, it is not the electrification of the whole country plus Soviet power, but political certainty, the political stability of Soviet power as a guarantee of electrification. In the new historical conditions, the development of the political systemdictatorship of the working class, i.e. the elimination of the institution of the power of entrepreneurs over people was achieved by combining the Soviet form of "power" with the most important type of resource to which the Nepmen would not have the slightest managerial access at all. Such is the diamatics of politics and economics in the era of building communism: without weakening the restrictive functions in relation to the obsolete elements of the economy, aim "authority" at solving the problems of SCIENTIFIC organization of energy supply for the entire complex of expanded reproduction of society .

Why is it that today all the anti-communist inhabitants and even the "middle class" groan from the extortion of housing and communal services and the steady rise in prices, especially for electricity and motor fuel? And because one of the main resources of civilization - energy carriers - are privatized and monopolized, i.e. the oligarchs occupied, usurped all forms of energy and, like the Central Asian beys who monopolized water, excluded people from free access to all types of energy carriers. Therefore, all ordinary car owners, all owners of household appliances based on electricity, kerosene, oil, gas, coal pay for the moral ugliness, financial psychopathy of energy kings.

In passing, it should be noted that the historical practice of the last century has particularly convincingly proved that the market solution of energy problems in a market democracy leads, neither less nor more, to ... environmental disasters, and to such "little things" as ... world wars for dominance over energy sources.

The modern market police and army, blockheadly, guards precisely this state of affairs, in which the energy carriers of the planet belong to several dozen upright people, and any effective resources have been taken away from the state.restrictive or distributive functions in relation to the oligarchs. In America, for example, all 46 presidents, especially Republicans, are brought to the White House with the help of campaign funds. Money, especially for "Republican" candidates, is allocated by large magnates, primarily weapons and energy. American voters, with their usual stupidity, prefer to vote for a candidate with a large campaign fund. It seems to them that the size of the fund is proportional to the applicant's talents, and not to his complaisance towards the main donors. It is clear that, having "bet" on a certain candidate, the oligarchs, firstly, expect from him, like from a racehorse, the utmost diligence, and, secondly, since they consider the president to be smarter than a horse, they expect targeted tangible services from him, and not just piss. If it turned out that the president was not accommodating enough, he was shot. So, for example, in the USA 6 presidents were shot, two were only wounded, two were "impeached".

Studying the Leninist theoretical heritage and the political practice of the Stalin era, we see that among the tasks facing the party in building communism , the issues of bringing Soviet power to the most effective scientific and organizational level have always been in the first place. This was achieved by raising the level of scientific training, first of all, of party cadres at all levels in order to increase the quality of managerial actions in solving the problem of fundamentally changing the nature of production relations in the country, which, in turn, is unattainable without raising the means of production.to a competitive level. As you know, both incompetent members of the party and the conscious "communist bastard" in the days of Lenin and Stalin were treated especially strictly and uncompromisingly. In Stalin's time, for example, a candidate member of the party could serve in this capacity for several years, until he proved that both professionally and ideologically and politically, he had become a skilled and authoritative worker, or dropped out of the list of candidates for the party. In the CPSU, and even more so in the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the RCWP, the candidate experience has become an empty formality of having the recommendation of two comrades. No change in the qualitative parameters of the personality is required.

Therefore, recognizing the practical value and validity of the Marxist conclusion about the primacy of politics over the economy in the era of transition from capitalism to communism, it is impossible not to recognize that scientific theory cannot but have primacy over political practice ., and to forget this means to understand nothing at all in Marxism, even for the sake of which it was created and confirmed by practice for many decades. It would seem that it would be enough to ask the question: is it possible to build communism in the absence of the theory of building communism, and even more so, the complete ignorance of this theory by the communists, in order to agree with the conclusion of the classics that the objective course of development of the productive forces of society on the basis of market anarchy has put mankind before a dilemma: either society continues to develop, replacing the INTEREST of the oligarchs with SCIENCE , or the Earth will become depopulated again.

In the theory of Marxism, it has been proved that in systems built on the principle of the domination of private property, objective ones, i.e. without the participation of science, spontaneously formed economic factors that give rise to forms of political and ideological institutions and relations. But it could not be otherwise in an era when scientific thinking was not only poorly developed in general, but the church sent scientists to the stake for showing a penchant for scientific thinking. uneducatedpeople entered into economic relations without understanding their essence and development prospects. This is how one should understand the words of Marx, written under classical capitalism, that in the process of production of living conditions, people enter into production, economic relations independent of their consciousness. What other relations, except for the unconscious ones, can the proletarians enter into when they put their finger to the place of painting in the money sheet? On a spontaneously rooted basis, scientifically unformed, violent and only violent political systems and institutions arose (this has been the case in all ages in which the embryos or remnants of private property relations were observed). Due to the practical absence of scientific public consciousness, all European social revolutions were carried out on a spontaneously formed economic basis.

However, due to the fact that capitalist production, driven by competition, more than any previous socio-economic formation depended on the development of science, scientific character gradually covered all aspects of society, including social science, which, combined with the scientific methodology of thinking, first gave rise to socialist direction of thought, and then the highest form of scientific study of class society - the theory of building communism. Figuratively speaking, capitalism itself, harnessing the "horse" of science ahead of the "cart" of the development of the means of production, creates a precedent for the primacy of science in relation to the development of productive forces. It is no coincidence that "Capital", so far, as the most scientific of all scientific works born by social scientists, was published under capitalism forfifty years before the October political upheaval in Russia, thus proving that, not in the original philosophical plan, but in a concrete historical one, the formula about the primacy of social being and the secondary nature of social consciousness turns into its opposite, in strict accordance with materialist dialectics. The scientific idea cannot but be primary in relation to the politics of the working class, first of all, in the order of the historical sequence of events. In turn, without the primacy of a restrictive policy in relation to private owners, it is impossible to build the basis of communism.

This has to be considered proven by the practice of the collapse of the USSR, since it was precisely the DECISIONS of the CPSU that REANIMATED THE CLASS OF PRIVATE OWNERS OF THE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE USSR .

It is easy to see that with the diamatic approach, no contradiction arises between the original formula of the theory of knowledge about the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of consciousness and the formula about the primacy of political and secondary economic tasks in the period of transition from capitalism to communism. If the consciousness of communists contains the diamatically correct, i.e. scientific understanding of the objective socio-economic tasks to be solved, then, only in this case, politics will be an uncompromising form of implementing the objective laws of building communism, contained both in objective social reality and in the minds of the party members.

These are, in brief, the main "standards" of the diamatic approach to the "spiral" of logic and practice, ideology, politics and economics at the stage of building a communist society in the conditions of a capitalist encirclement and the dominance of petty-bourgeois remnants in the minds of millions of inhabitants, when they are submissive, like "zombies", today they follow their "voodoo" to rallies that lead them to a further increase in unemployment, homelessness, homelessness, inflation, prostitution, corruption and other chronic ailments of market democracy. Hamsters and banderlogs still do not understand that the more market democracy, the stronger the whole spectrum of tragedy and ugliness manifests itself.

Thus, in order to develop an answer to the question posed by Arkhangelskaya about the specific reasons for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, it is necessary to identify, first of all, THEORETICAL causes of the POLITICAL crisis of the Soviet system, which entailed ECONOMIC transformations of a capitalist nature. With a different approach, the facts of economic life look like "fell from the sky."

If you look into any of the versions of the textbooks on the history of the CPSU, you cannot fail to notice that the word economism has disappeared from the chapters devoted to the post-October period.. Those. the idea prevailed in the party that economism as an opportunist current of thought had exhausted itself with the establishment of Soviet power and the beginning of the “Red Guard attack” on capital, as a result of which all the main means of production and circulation were legally, i.e. formally, have become socialized. The idea has formed that since there are no longer large capitalists in the country, since the opportunity for economic strikes by workers disappears, this means that this form of opportunism cannot exist. Moreover, from the context of the post-October works of the bulk of Soviet theorists, it follows that the most dangerous enemy of communism is the capitalists of the West, i.e. direct anti-communists, and opportunism in the USSR is impossible, since there are no internal capitalists, and therefore there is no one to agree with. Those. any factionalism is no longer opportunism,

For some time, the illusion lived in the minds of part of the party masses that the principle of democratic centralism helps to turn on the "collective mind of the party", find a solution that suits everyone and, thus, preserve the unity of the party. This approach, disavowing the teaching of Marxism on the irreconcilability of ideologies, flourished again in the CPSU after Khrushchev's seizure of internal party power, and was brought to complete absurdity by Gorbachev. Confirmation of the ingrained peacefulness towards opportunism are the compromise names of the parties of the European countries of "people's democracy", for example, the Socialist United Party of Germany, the Polish United Workers' Party, the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia, the Hungarian Workers' Party (Imre Nagy), the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (Janos Kadar), etc. .P. That is why in these countries capitalism was restored earlier,

The current deplorable state of the communist movement in the world leaves no room for doubt about the destructive role played by democracy and theoretical pluralism both in the fate of any communist party and in prolonging the tyranny of imperialism on Earth.

It must be understood that the victory of the October Revolution marked not only a victory over capitalism, but also over ORGANIZED economism, as the most harmful ideological trend in the communist movement. Economism and its bearers were practically put to shame. But, strictly speaking, economism is the cornerstone of opportunism. Opportunism, i.e. there is no Menshevism without Economism.

As is known, at first the Mensheviks proceeded from the premise of introducing a scientific ideology into the working-class movement, then they advocated the development of only economic forms of resistance, then they fought uncompromisingly against the “premature” October political upheaval. And if we proceed from all that is known about the level of ambition of the Menshevik leaders, their commercialism, intrigue, it becomes clear that the defeat in the fight against the Bolsheviks embittered and mobilized the Mensheviks for a new round of struggle against the Bolsheviks. They entered into their last and decisive battle with Bolshevism with all their fury, not disdaining anything, even terrorism. In many outlying Russian provinces, during the years of the civil war and intervention, the Mensheviks generally merged with the local bourgeoisie and nationalist-religious movements, with foreign interventionists,

Depending on the content of the political struggle in each period they experienced, the same Mensheviks first called themselves "Left Communists" (and entered into the most unprincipled associations with the "Right" and "Left" Socialist-Revolutionaries), then established an "Industrial Party", then, turned into into the “right opposition”, allying with the European fascists, they finally called themselves “Trotskyists” and, thereby, generally disowned any specific content in the name of their faction, disguising both their economism in politics and agnosticism in philosophy. It can be said about Marxism that in essence it is a dialectical materialism applied to all spheres of public life, and Trotskyism does not have its own philosophical basis, since Trotsky did not create anything deep, voluminous, meaningful, systemic in this respect. He was always and in everything momentary.

Those. Not only did the Mensheviks try to facilitate their ideological struggle with the Bolshevik wing of the party by frequently changing their names, but also, by inventing more and more meaningless names for themselves, they made it difficult for the Bolsheviks to expose the essence of the next tactical move of the Mensheviks.

However, if we analyze the most stable part of the Mensheviks' ideological platform, the content of their invariably repeated positions in practice, then it is easy to notice the same ECONOMISM , i.e. formal "resistance" to capitalism on the field and on terms provided by internal and external capitalism itself.

It seemed that it was terrible that some word had fallen out of political use. However, the fact is that words in the mind of a person designate real phenomena, form adequate images, moods and entail a strictly defined behavior of subjects. In the absence of a word denoting an object or phenomenon in memory, a person is likened to a blind man who cannot have a decision in his brain, for example, to bypass the pit, since the brain does not have specific ideas about the terrain, although, in fact, the pit is on the way of the blind man may exist. If a word falls out of everyday life, then there is nothing to identify the phenomenon, which complicates the organizationstruggle with the phenomenon itself. As for Stalin, he repeatedly pointed out that the enemy with whom, for one reason or another, they stopped fighting is especially dangerous.

As the further practice of the CPSU showed, Trotskyism, having suffered, in the time of Stalin, a complete defeat on the front of openly organized factionalForms of struggle against the building of communism, turned within the course of thought within the system of party education, within academic institutions, into a kind of secret clan, where it was not necessary to join formally. It was important to justify and preserve under socialism all the concepts and attributes of capitalism, such as: socialist money, moreover with a portrait of Lenin, but similar to “katenki”, socialist goods, socialist prices, the socialist law of value, the socialist market, etc. . "soft-boiled boots." Moreover, some of the CPSU professors even sincerely believed that by developing the problems of cost accounting under socialism and improving the pricing mechanism in the USSR, they, thereby, bring the victory of communism closer.

In other words, economism is not so much the sum of theoretical views on the path of building communism using everything on which imperialism exists and rots, but rather the result of a deep defect in the thinking of a person who has not mastered diamatics to the extent necessary for a communist. In the CPSU of the Gorbachev era, there were practically no scientists left who were at least somewhat tolerably versed in diamatics. The absence of diamatic thinking in the mind of a person condemns him to an extremely primitive perception of the cause-and-effect relationships of social life, and therefore, the most that such a person can claim, regardless of the party card, is vulgar materialism, which is the methodological basis of economism of any edition. .

In short, economism is a product of ignorance spiced with immorality, for without moral licentiousness, the market will lose its attractiveness, especially for the capitalists themselves .

Conclusion

Thus, the main reason for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, as elsewhere where it was revived, is ECONOMISM, but not the one that provoked the proletarians into hundreds of years of strike struggle, but the one that was forced to accept the liquidation of capitalism, seemed to have exhausted itself, but it was introduced into the ranks of the CPSU(b) by former Mensheviks, carriers of incurable methodological ignorance and immorality. As they write in their memoirs, for example, Gorbachev and Yakovlev, they hated the idea of ​​communism all their lives, but made a career in the CPSU, went upstairs, only to destroy the USSR, restoring capitalism.

The last work on the theme of the purposeful, conscious construction of communism in the USSR was Stalin's work "The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR."

“... I think, ” Stalin wrote, “that it is necessary to discard some other concepts taken from Marx's Capital, where Marx analyzed capitalism, and artificially glued to our socialist relations. I mean, among other things, such concepts as "necessary" and "surplus" labour, "necessary" and "surplus" product, "necessary" and "surplus" labor time... I think that our economists should do away with this discrepancy between the old concepts and the new state of affairs in our socialist country, replacing the old concepts with new ones corresponding to the new situation. We could tolerate this discrepancy up to a certain time, but now the time has come when we must finally eliminate this discrepancy.

But appealing to economists with such proposals is like asking a drug addict to stop injecting himself or telling an idiot to stop smiling all the time.

The power and opportunism of the economist clan in the CPSU is evidenced by the fact that after Stalin's death, none of his proposals was reflected in the new textbook Political Economy, published in 1954 under the editorship of Academician Ostrovitianov. Academicians explained their theoretical weakness and cowardice by loyalty to Marxism. Taking advantage of the intellectual timidity and laziness of a significant number of party functionaries of that time, including Khrushchev himself, everything that Marx wrote under capitalism and about capitalism was rewritten in a section devoted to socialism, but to all categories of capitalism it was added, as mentioned above, the word socialist. Guided by this theory, the Soviet society, the further, the more surprised. "For some reason"

The word economist, in the USSR of the “perestroika” period, turned into an elitist one, and the phrase “prominent Soviet economist” replaced the word Marxist from everyday life. But, the glory of objective reality, sociological surveys show that today's, even thirty-year-old Russians know nothing and, naturally, do not remember either academician Voznesensky, or Ostrovityanov, or Inozemtsev, or Rumyantsev, Abalkin, Aganbegyan, professors Bunich, Zaslavskaya , Shmelev, Piyasheva, the Lisichkin brothers, Popov, Shatalin, Gaidar ... Their books have long been thrown into the dustbins, and by the most consistent supporters of a market economy. "The Moor has done his job ...", the Moor will sink into oblivion.

Sadly, but in modern parties with communist names, supporters of economism again prevail. They are once again trailing behind the proletarian movement, assenting to it in everything, flirting with the unsqueamish trade union leaders. In the event of a new decisive political victory of the working class, these mental castrati in a friendly crowd, due to the defects of democratic centralism, will again drag each other into the leadership and again ... N.O. Arkhangelskaya will have to write about the very "reasons" for the restoration of capitalism in the USSR, which she has already written about.

There is an opportunity and a need to break this vicious circle. How to do it? Proryv writes about this in almost every issue. We wish you Victory on this path, our dear readers.

January - February 2012

http://proriv.ru/articles.shtml/podguzov?cccp_32

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"There is great chaos under heaven; the situation is excellent."

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Tue Nov 22, 2022 3:30 pm

About the return of Stalingrad
November 22, 15:18

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Briefly about the return of Stalingrad.
In recent weeks, the topic of renaming Volgograd back to Stalingrad has revived again.
The topic is not new, but now it has received a new relevance. Regarding the historical aspects, everything is clear - nothing greater than the events of 1942-1943 is unlikely to ever happen to the city, therefore it is imprinted in history under this name, and not as Volgograd or Tsaritsyn, this is just an objective fact.

With the outbreak of the war with NATO, the request to appeal to the Stalinist experience of mobilization and patriotism was updated, since if you delve into the relatively recent past, no one except Stalin is suitable for the role of a symbol of mobilization and patriotism. Well, it’s not worthless to move Nicholas II or the idol of liberals Stolypin. So, even before the war, Comrade Stalin was very popular and relevant, and now his golden days are coming at all, since now even other liberals have begun to demand the restoration of order by Stalin's methods and the Gulag for the enemies of the people.
"The time has come when I began to understand Comrade Stalin..."

Well, in such circumstances, the topic of the return of Stalingrad is again updated. In fact, the city is 9 days a year for the holidays and so becomes Stalingrad, that is, formally, a certain return has already occurred, but so far only for the holidays. Now they are offering it permanently, they say, why be embarrassed. Indeed, what?

In my opinion, the issue should be decided at a city referendum, where residents should speak out on this issue themselves - in the end, they should live in this city. In order not to spend too much money on this issue, attach the vote on Stalingrad to the next elections of local deputies in order to save on organization. Those who wish can even shove Tsaritsyn into the poll for greater pluralism. By the way, the most famous event associated with Tsaritsyn is the defense of Tsaritsyn during the Civil War. The defense of Tsaritsyn was led by Comrade Stalin, which actually led to the fact that the city was later called Stalingrad.

Personally, my position has not changed over the past decades - the name Stalingrad should be returned to the city. In any case, it is more than just Stalin. Stalingrad is a symbol of the resilience and heroism of the entire Soviet people, for which millions of people fought and died, including my grandfather. And it is precisely such symbols that are required now, during the next great turning point.
After this, communism will not start in our country, Putin will not get a party card, and United Russia will not turn into the CPSU (B) - if anyone fears or hopes for this. But in any case, we will close a certain gestalt and demonstrate that we stop being shy and afraid of our past, including the Stalinist past, as those with whom we are now fighting have been trying to instill in us for decades.

https://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/7989026.html

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Yes.
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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Thu Dec 29, 2022 11:37 pm

100 years of the USSR
December 30, 2:24 am

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The USSR was formed 100 years ago.
The first workers' and peasants' socialist state in history. Our country was the first to follow this path, changing itself and changing the rest of the world. Russia itself, in its socialist incarnation, has risen to hitherto unattainable heights both in terms of social benefits for the people and in terms of power and influence on the processes that determined the development of all mankind.

When today we see the dead end of capitalism and the problems it generates, the USSR continues to remind us of the alternatives to the capitalist dead end. And no matter how much they tried to bury socialism after 1991, it did not disappear anywhere - the idea survived even the destruction of the USSR and continues to have a huge impact on the thoughts of hundreds of millions and billions of people. In 2022, it is especially noticeable that the proposed alternative of the USSR in the form of a "march to the West" in the "golden billion" along the "pillar road of civilization" has led us to a historical dead end, from which the country now has to exit through the war. We spent 30 years on a bad experiment, while we have before us the example of the People's Republic of China, which was able to resist,

The Chinese learn from our mistakes, but we have to learn from ours. And of course, many of the achievements of the USSR and the experience accumulated during the years of the USSR are used and will be used on a larger scale in the future. Escape from Soviet history by presenting the USSR as a "black hole of national history" did not work. From the denigration of the USSR, Russian society comes to comprehend the USSR and in the conditions of war, we clearly see that what they tried to present to us for 30 years as stupidity was reasonable. What they tried to present as cruelty was a conscious necessity. What seemed unnecessary turned out to be vital. And as the bulk of those who actively mocked the "stupid scoops" cowardly drape abroad, the price of all these slops on our history and our country becomes much clearer.

On this day, we remember the USSR, its achievements and victories, its mistakes and shortcomings, and of course its tragic death, which cost our country and people so dearly. But it has already happened. The task of our generations is to take everything that is still possible and necessary to take from the Soviet experience and apply it to the efforts by which Russia will go into the future through the storm of the collapsing world order. The USSR is one of the historical points of support on this path.

Happy holiday comrades! Happy birthday USSR!

https://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/8066275.html

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Sat Dec 31, 2022 3:12 pm

Consequences of the destruction of the USSR
December 30, 15:25

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Consequences of the destruction of the USSR

With the preservation of the USSR, 172 million people could now live in Russia, and the economy and incomes of the population were 67% higher

★ As a result of the destruction of the Soviet Union, Russia lost 26 million people, 40% of the economy and 66% of industry, Equality estimated. This is the difference between actual indicators and alternative ones, which would have been formed at Soviet growth rates, average for 1980-1989.

Population loss - 26 million
According to the forecast ( https://istmat.info/files/uploads/35021 ... df#page=63 ) of the USSR State Statistics Committee from 1990, in the RSFSR by the end of 2022, 172.4 could live million people But in fact it is now 146.4 million people.

Loss of income - 41%
The average monthly disposable income of 80% of Russians (without the rich) in 2022 amounted to about 25,550 rubles. With Soviet growth rates and levels of inequality, they would have become 43,000 rubles, or 68% more.

Economic losses - 40%
"As you know, in the 80s there was a" stagnation ". In 1985, economic growth slowed down to 2.3% ( https://istmat.org/files/uploads/15863/ ... zateli.pdf ), which was used as an excuse to start perestroika. But at such growth rates, GDP would now be 2.1 times higher than in 1990, and not by 26%, as in fact. The Russian economy (GDP at PPP) amounted to $7.7 trillion instead of $4.6 trillion and would take 4th place in the world after China, the USA and India.

Loss of production - 66%

Loss of agriculture - 44%

Loss of assets - 56%

Geopolitical losses - 32%

A similar assessment of the consequences of the war of 1941-1945 showed that the loss of the Russian population amounted to 20 million people, as estimated by Rosstat. The economy of Soviet Russia lost 44%, industry - 41%, agriculture - 43%. The country missed 45% of wealth, and the population - 37% of income.

As you can see, the destruction of the USSR and the transition from socialism to capitalism, that is, to a lower stage of social development, turned out to be losses for Russia that are comparable to the losses from the Nazi occupation of 1941-1945. If you look more broadly and take into account the split of the fraternal republics and the world-historical consequences, the destruction of the Soviet Union is the largest geopolitical catastrophe in the history of mankind.

#research #USSR

@ravenstvomedia - zinc

According to a poll published by VTsIOM, 58% of Russians regret the collapse of the USSR. 48% would like to restore it.

https://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/8067101.html

Your attitude towards the USSR
December 30, 23:14

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The results of the poll https://t.me/boris_rozhin/74036 in Telegram on the topic of attitudes towards the USSR.
78% of 93,500 people positively or rather positively evaluate the USSR.
Few!!!

https://colonelcassad.livejournal.com/8068292.html

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On the one hand the poll was conducted on Boris's Telegram channel but on the other hand that channel is the second most popular site for 'NWO' information is Russia. I've seen a number of similar polls since Ukraine initiated it's war against Donbass and the numbers from the general public come in from 66% to 71%, more or less.


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SM of Kazakhstan, PREVENT THE REHABILITATION OF NAZI COLLABORATORS IN KYRGYZSTAN!
12/30/22 12:35 PM

PREVENT THE REHABILITATION OF NAZI COLLABORATORS IN KYRGYZSTAN!



In Kyrgyzstan, for the second time, an attempt is being made to carry out total rehabilitation of the "victims of Stalinist repressions" of 1918-1953 through the adoption of a special law on the initiative of deputies of pro-government parties and Speaker of Parliament Nurlan Shakiev. Participants of anti-Soviet uprisings (Basmachi), militants of the Turkestan Legion of the Wehrmacht and Eastern Muslim SS units may fall under the action of this law, as well as last time.

It should be noted that the Speaker of the Kyrgyz Parliament, Nurlan Shakiyev, a few months ago advocated renaming the Soviet names of Bishkek districts and demanded the complete decommunization of the republic, based on the fact that all names should be only Kyrgyz.

This is the second attempt to carry out total rehabilitation, since in October 2019, 15 deputies from six parties represented in the then parliament of the country had already put forward a similar bill. Then the initiators and developers of the bill were the Soros Foundation – Kyrgyzstan and the Open Government, funded by the USAID in the republic.

Then, only as a result of active public indignation, statements by various organizations and parties, as well as a negative reaction in many media outlets, the bill was postponed indefinitely. Now this bill has been taken out again and presented in a new wrapper in parliament on December 23, counting on the fact that no one will notice this before the New Year holidays.

The proposals made to the bill are largely similar to the previous ones. Thus, the deputies call for the rehabilitation of convicts under a number of articles of laws, including for counter-revolutionary activities, as well as for participation in anti-Soviet bandit detachments, in the murders of Soviet, party and Komsomol leaders.

That is, it is planned to rehabilitate all together during the period of the "red terror" (1918-1924) and the "Stalinist repressions" (1929-1953), giving them a political assessment, legally and politically justifying those persons who were not previously rehabilitated for their crimes during the uprisings or actions on the side of the collaborationist formations of Nazi Germany.

At the same time, the rehabilitation commissions that will make decisions on certain citizens on the ground will include persons from among non-governmental organizations (NGOs), that is, associations receiving funding from American, European or British foundations and embassies.

Naturally, without public control and publicity, these commissions will make appropriate politically motivated decisions in favor of opponents of the Soviet government who fought, committed murders, sabotage or espionage activities on the territory of the Kyrgyz SSR and the fronts of the Second World War.

Interestingly, the law itself adapts to the plans and projects of the Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation, which financed the development and publication of a Book in memory of victims of Political Repression, and also promoted the Open Archives project. The task of these projects was to rethink in the anti-communist spirit the history of the Soviet period of the republic in order to present Basmachi, terrorists and collaborators as "fighters for the national liberation of the country."

Now, at the state level, according to this law, it is envisaged to enter reports on the rehabilitation of repressed persons and information about them in this Book of Memory of Victims of Political Repression, and the State Archive Service of the Kyrgyz Republic, based on the decisions of the Commission, will compile a publicly accessible electronic form of the report.

It is obvious that the purpose of the law itself is to denigrate the USSR in the eyes of the new generation and to increase the process of decommunization according to the Ukrainian and Baltic scenario in other republics of the former Soviet Central Asia. So, after the first attempt to adopt this law in the Kyrgyz Republic, a State commission for rehabilitation with the same goals appeared in Kazakhstan in November 2020. At the same time, Nur-Sultan then took as a basis just the Kyrgyz bill, drawn up with the participation of the Soros Foundation and USAID.

In 2020-2021, the Socialist Movement of Kazakhstan conducted an active campaign against the activities of the State Commission for Final Rehabilitation and similar attempts to politically and legally justify participants in anti-Soviet uprisings and militants of the Turkestan Legion of the Wehrmacht and Eastern Muslim SS units, which was supported by dozens of communist parties belonging to Solidnet.

Then the Communist parties, movements and veterans' organizations of Greece, Poland, France, Italy, Georgia, Latvia, Russia and other countries issued statements about this. Moreover, these collaborationist formations were used by the German Nazis against partisans and underground workers in these countries.

And this time, the Socialist Movement of Kazakhstan calls on communist and workers' parties, trade unions, veterans' organizations and left-wing movements to oppose this attempt to rehabilitate and justify Nazi accomplices and participants in the armed struggle against the USSR!

This is important, since after the adoption of such a law in Kyrgyzstan, similar laws will be necessarily approved in the parliaments of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and other former Soviet republics. And we must openly declare this and speak at the time of the centenary of the formation of the Soviet Union.

Political Council of the Socialist Movement of Kazakhstan
December 29, 2022

http://socialismkz.info/?p=28665

http://solidnet.org/article/SM-of-Kazak ... YRGYZSTAN/

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USSR at 100: Lessons of the Soviet of Nationalities
December 30, 2022 Sam Marcy

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Special stamps issued by the Donetsk People’s Republic to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Soviet Union’s founding. Each stamp represents one of the 15 Soviet republics. Graphic: Post of Donbass

Dec. 30 marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, the first attempt in history to build a multinational socialist society. Although the USSR was destroyed by a U.S.-backed counterrevolution in the early 1990s, its groundbreaking achievements still hold important lessons for the global working class and oppressed peoples.

This piece by Sam Marcy, one of the foremost Marxist thinkers and fighters of the second half of the 20th century, was originally published in 1988 as “The Structure of the Soviet State” and included as chapter 16 of “Perestroika: A Marxist Critique.”

How imperialists switched tactics in regard to Soviet nationalities

The attitude of the ruling classes of the capitalist countries with regard to the national question in Russia underwent an extraordinary change when the Bolshevik Revolution triumphed in 1917.

At first the international bourgeoisie attempted to malign the new republic by proclaiming that the revolutionary leaders, in particular the members of the Executive Committee of the Soviets, were not really representative of Russia. Dzerzhinsky was a Pole, Stalin was a Georgian, Trotsky was a Jew, other leaders were Ukrainian, Armenian and so on. It was the same tactic they used to bait communists in this country when the left movement had many members and leaders who were Jewish, Black or foreign-born.

However, as the revolution progressed, and as Soviet power took hold over larger and larger sections of the country, sweeping all the provinces and nationalities within its fold, it became clear that it was an all-national revolution. The international bourgeoisie thereafter took another tack and began to malign the USSR in a new way. Now it was said that the Great Russians were oppressing all the other nationalities.

Next came a long silence about the revolutionary role of the formerly oppressed nationalities in the formation of the Soviet Union and particularly in the Bolshevik leadership. Researchers in the recent period seem to have had difficulty finding out what role, if any, the formerly oppressed peoples had in the Bolshevik Revolution. This tendentiousness of the imperialist bourgeoisie and their silence on the role of oppressed nationalities in the Bolshevik Revolution finally attracted the attention of at least one researcher, Andrew Ezergailis, who felt impelled to write a book about it.

This book does more than just describe the role of the Latvians in their own revolution. It puts forth the view that a division of Latvian soldiers not only aided the Bolshevik Revolution and won significant battles, such as the Battle of Rostov, the Battle of Archangel and the Battle of Rogachov, but it virtually saved the Soviet Republic from a counterrevolutionary insurrection in Petrograd in 1918.

Even if one regards this view – that one division saved the republic – as somewhat far-fetched, his book nevertheless has the great merit of putting before the U.S. public the revolutionary role of at least one of the constituent republics of the USSR. This could interest the reader to see how many other republics were formidable pillars in erecting and sustaining the Soviet Union, not only in its early days but also in the Second World War.

Planned economy requires voluntary association of equal nations

If it is true that the construction of a socialist society is impossible without a planned economy, it is equally true that a planned economy is impossible in a multinational country without the equality of all the nations and their free, voluntary association within the framework of a union of all the socialist republics. It was precisely to this question that Lenin devoted the last days of his life.

How could the interests of a planned economy be reconciled with the apparently contradictory need for the equality of all the nationalities in the USSR? What kind of a state structure should be developed to give full vent to the workers and peasants and conform to the revolutionary reconstitution of Soviet society as it emerged from the overthrow of the czarist autocracy and the sweeping away of the bourgeoisie and the landlords?

At first, the Bolsheviks raised the slogan, “All power to the Soviets!” And, indeed, power was fully taken by the First Congress of the Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Deputies. When the Congress of Soviets was not in session, the Executive Committee of the Soviets carried out the functions of the Congress.

In 1918 this slogan was translated into the celebrated decree, the “Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People,” which embodied the fundamental state program and structure of the USSR. The leading ideological and political role taken by the Communist Party was the central factor in making the Soviets a living reflection of the interests of the exploited and oppressed masses of Russia.

Transition from Congress of Soviets to union of equal republics

While the Congress of Soviets was revolutionary in form as well as in content, it still had some inadequacies. The problem of how to perfect the state structure covered many weeks and months of discussion, both during the periods of relative peace as well as during the war of imperialist intervention and the civil war. It was not until 1922-23 that the new structure of the USSR was to emerge, after intense if not heated discussions.

This structure was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and it differs from that of any capitalist government in two fundamental ways.

In the first place, it is based not on the landlords and capitalists, not on the existence of private property in the means of production, not on wage labor employed by private enterprise, but on a new social system where the means of production are socially owned and the economy is planned. Bourgeois politicians, ideologues and philosophers will accede to that much, at least in the formal sense, although they completely deny the validity of socialism or go on to exaggerate its defects and shortcomings to the extent that the USSR is depicted as totally devoid of any significant progressive social and political features.

There is another feature of the state structure of the USSR which is just as fundamental, yet the bourgeois ideologues and their myriads of apologists and historians rarely refer to it. It is even neglected in much of the progressive and radical literature of the workers’ movement. To understand this second feature, it would be helpful to first look at the innumerable capitalist state structures, whether their form be democratic, monarchical, military or even fascist.

The most democratic form of the capitalist state may be unicameral, that is, having one body which enacts all legislation, plus an executive arm of the government. Or, as in the United States, it can have two legislative bodies, such as the House of Representatives and the Senate. However, not one of the capitalist governments, whatever its constitution may be, has an arm built into the framework of the state to deal with the national question and make sure that the nationalities within the country are represented in all important decisions.

There may be references in the constitution to equal protection of the law, due process, and so on. There may be special legislation regarding civil rights. There may be this or that agency dealing with complaints or enforcement. But there is no specific arm within the constitutional structure of any capitalist state which deals specifically with the question of nationalities. This differentiates the USSR from all the capitalist countries.

USSR’s bicameral system and the Soviet of Nationalities

From the point of view of its external characteristics, the USSR has this in common with some of the capitalist states: it has a bicameral system. In this sense, it seems like the U.S., but the two arms of its legislative structure are very different from the two houses of Congress here.

This bicameral system is found in the highest governing body, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which consists of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. The Soviet of the Union is chosen on the basis of proportional representation – each deputy represents an equal amount of people. In the Soviet of Nationalities, each nationality is guaranteed a set number of deputies.

The members of both chambers serve equal terms, and no bill can become law unless adopted by a majority of both chambers. This all-important second arm is of extraordinary significance, particularly in the epoch of imperialism, in which national oppression is a characteristic feature. It is the kind of structure which, if incorporated into a bourgeois state, would tremendously assist the struggle of the oppressed nationalities against the dominant nationality.

In constructing this mechanism for governing, the Soviet Union accorded recognition to the existence of nationalities in a revolutionary way which had never been done before. It created an equality between the two chambers, one based on representation according to the proportion of the population, the other on guaranteed representation for every nationality. In this way, not only the general interests of the working class are reflected, but also the very special and important interests of all nationalities.

These structures are defined under the Constitution of the USSR. Chapter XV, Article 109 says:

The Supreme Soviet of the USSR shall consist of two chambers: the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. The two chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR shall have equal rights.

Article 110 says: The Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities shall have equal numbers of deputies. The Soviet of the Union shall be elected by constituencies with equal population. The Soviet of Nationalities shall be elected on the basis of the following representation: 32 deputies from each Union Republic, 11 deputies from each Autonomous Republic, five deputies from each Autonomous Region, and one deputy from each Autonomous Area.

The voting age in the USSR is 18, and was so long before it was ever lowered here. Of course, voting there is irrespective of race, nationality, religion, gender and property rights.

It should be remembered that the U.S. Constitution, while it contained no language about qualifications for voting, allowed the states to limit voting to the landowners, bankers, merchants and capitalists. Only property owners could vote. Women, Black and Native people and indentured servants were all deprived of the right to vote. And even after many of these restrictions were lifted, there were poll taxes, literacy requirements and complicated registration forms. Women got the right to vote only in 1919, and the Equal Rights Amendment has still not been adopted to this very day.

In addition to according universal suffrage, the Soviet Constitution gives greater representation to the various nationalities, making it possible for even the smallest of the republics to have additional leverage over and above its proportion in the population. The Soviet of Nationalities was designed to overcome the predominance of the large nations and give additional weight to the smaller ones.

U.S. ‘democracy’ and the case of Puerto Rico

Is there a constitution anywhere in the bourgeois world that even bears a resemblance to such an effort as that incorporated in the Soviet state structure? The significance of the chamber of nationalities is completely overlooked elsewhere, precisely because of the racist and chauvinist character of the imperialist countries.

When in July 1988 the Democratic Convention nominated Dukakis and Bentsen, there was a great deal of oratory on prime-time television and the capitalist media boasted about how democratically the meeting was conducted. But completely unnoticed was that while there was a delegation from Puerto Rico participating in the “democratic process,” the people of Puerto Rico have no representation in the Congress of the U.S.

Would even one politician get up and object to the fact that the people of Puerto Rico, even though they are considered citizens and are subject to be drafted into the U.S. Army, cannot vote in congressional elections? Nor are they allowed to secede and declare themselves an independent republic. The same could be said for Samoa and Guam.

Notwithstanding the vigorous support of a whole host of countries, a resolution supporting the self-determination of Puerto Rico has been pigeonholed in the Decolonization Committee of the United Nations for years and years. The U.S. makes absolutely sure that it rarely sees the light of day, even though most of the countries in the U.N. regard Puerto Rico as a U.S. colony that should by right be independent.

Self-determination part of Soviet constitution

Of course, there is nothing in the U.S. Constitution or its amendments on the right of nations to self-determination. The USSR, on the other hand, has a specific constitutional provision which not only guarantees the right of its constituent nations to self-determination, but also specifies the unequivocal right to secede.

Thus, in considering the national question in the USSR, it is very important to contrast it with the imperialist countries. The comparison shows the tremendous amount of progress made by the USSR and the truly revolutionary structure it has developed. It stands head and shoulders above any capitalist government.

While a great deal of literature can be found describing the social character of the USSR, little of it deals with the structure of the state, particularly as it pertains to the Soviet of Nationalities, the arm which oppressed peoples throughout the world would be most concerned with.

The English historian E.H. Carr, in his three-volume work on the USSR, went into considerable detail on the formation of the USSR and the union republics, but without illuminating the nature of the struggle within the USSR over the relationship of a planned economy to the equality of nations. Even where he does occasionally refer to the bicameral system of government, he never once mentions what a revolutionary departure this was.

He had a good reason for avoiding any comparison with, say, the English system of parliamentary government. There he would have to refer to the existence of such an honorific cabinet post as the Colonial Secretary, the superintendent of imprisoned colonial peoples. Or, for that matter, the existence of the Prince of Wales, who is not a person from Wales but a member of the hereditary English bourgeois monarchy. Not to speak of Britain’s role in Ireland.

The objective of constructing the Soviet of Nationalities as one of the bicameral arms of the Soviet government was not to divide the nationalities but to strengthen proletarian class solidarity and to unite the mass of the people in the struggle for socialism on the basis of the equality of all nations.

All this notwithstanding, it is especially important in light of the centrifugal forces of national sovereignty to consider the planning principles of a socialist country. How was it possible, for instance, to construct a five-year plan while guaranteeing the equality and sovereignty of the union republics, the autonomous republics, the autonomous regions and the national districts?

Relation between planning and national sovereignty

One gets a measure of the problem if one considers the complexity of carrying out a vast, comprehensive plan of economic and industrial development on the basis of achieving the agreement of the various nationalities of the USSR.

Of course, it is conceivable that it could all get done by administrative measures, while riding roughshod over the heads of the nationalities, that is, over the mass of the people. There are few historians or analysts of the USSR in the West who venture to explain the intricacies of achieving a five-year plan without the tumult, disorder and rebellion which would accompany a capitalist government’s attempt to carry out a plan, were it to embark on one.

The history of capitalist expansion in the U.S., for instance, shows that even the development of a transcontinental railroad was accompanied by the worst corruption and bribery, the use of virtual slave labor of Asian people, an onslaught against the Native peoples, and skullduggery in forcing or tricking independent small farmers to sell their land cheap. It’s a history full of crime.

Or what about opening up the criminal files held by the city of San Francisco in its famous indictment and ultimate conviction of General Motors? These show that, in order to expand automobile use on a national basis, GM tried to destroy San Francisco’s trolley car system and other forms of transport in many other cities.

For all the high-handed and command methods that were employed in the USSR, especially during the Stalin era, it nevertheless was a truly historic achievement that such widespread industrialization could be carried out at all in a country with over 100 nationalities.

At first, many of the territories held under the former czarist autocracy were amalgamated, so that in 1923 there were only four union republics. Today, however, there are 15 union republics, 20 autonomous republics, eight autonomous regions and 10 national areas. What this signifies is the greater attention given to each nationality. Further demarcations, not only geographical but cultural, helped social as well as economic development.

Genuine socialist construction, by its very nature, tends to unite not only the working class, not only the exploited masses, but the people of all nationalities. It must nevertheless be recognized that there is an inherent contradiction between the economic tasks of socialism, which demand centralization, and the needs of the nationalities to develop their culture, language, etc. on the basis of equality.

It is for this very reason that the Soviet of Nationalities was constructed. It was conceived not as a ceremonial institution but as an effective and functioning one, where all the nationalities could express their needs and their aspirations more fully than in any other institution. However, there are significant defects and shortcomings in how all this has been carried out, which we have analyzed in our articles on Kazakhstan, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and the Baltic republics.

Need to harmonize contradictory forces through democratic centralism

Perestroika, or restructuring, which General Secretary Gorbachev has characterized as a qualitative turn to rebuild the whole country, necessarily will affect the nationalities. The enormous restructuring envisioned calls for a vast scientific and technological revolution in the industrial structure of the USSR. Such a plan cannot be effectuated without the most scrupulous attention to the national question.

As has been demonstrated, first by the Alma-Ata rebellion in Kazakhstan and later in Azerbaijan and Armenia, the economic reforms have influenced and encouraged the disorders. One might be tempted to ascribe this to the peculiarities of these republics, which historically were less developed. This, however, is a spurious argument and is totally without foundation. This is shown by the disorders in the Baltic republics – Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – at the other end of the USSR, which historically have been more industrially and technologically advanced.

In loosening centralized control of the economy, the restructuring has encouraged many national aspirations to surface, while at the same time giving a freer rein to bourgeois trends which accentuate privilege and inequality.

We have shown that while the reforms are moving to decentralize the economy, there has been a tightening of the reins in terms of political control by the center over the nationalities. In Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Latvia, party leaders were removed from their posts in a way that offended the sensibilities of these nationalities.

Notwithstanding the fact that there are pro-imperialist tendencies in the Baltic states, all the more must their national rights be scrupulously observed.

It must be noted that there is an inherent contradiction between the centripetal needs of socialist planning and the centrifugal forces contained in greater national sovereignty. These forces have to be harmonized and unified on the basis of socialist centralism in the economy and socialist democracy in the center’s dealing with the nationalities.

Of course, democratic centralism is an indispensable ingredient in all relationships in the USSR, but the area that needs particular sensitivity, and to which Lenin referred again and again, particularly during the last days of his life, is the national question.

The historic significance of the 12th Congress of the Communist Party held in April 1923 is that it recognized the necessity of a firm and continuing struggle against “the relics of great-power chauvinism” and urged a consistent struggle against the economic and cultural inequality of the nationalities within the Soviet Union. It also called for a struggle against the relics of nationalism of all kinds, but the emphasis was on eradicating the heavy legacy of czarist oppression. All this may be regarded as part of a history more than six decades old, decades of stupendous economic, social and political development.

Nevertheless, certain aspects of the national question have to be reviewed in light of the contemporary situation. It is impossible to avoid the question if one is to take seriously the resolutions on restructuring of the 27th Congress of the CPSU and of the 19th Party Conference in June 1988.

References

Andrew Ezergailis, The Latvian Impact on the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).

V.I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), Vol. 26, pp. 423-425.

The Europa Year Book 1988, a World Survey (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1988), Vol. II. This version of the Constitution was adopted at the Seventh (Special) Session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Ninth Convocation, on October 7, 1977.

E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923 (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1966), three vols.

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Mon Jan 02, 2023 2:54 pm

How the USSR Changed the Face of the World
Posted by INTERNATIONALIST 360° on DECEMBER 31, 2022
Ekaterina Blinova

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On December 30, 2022, Russians and others across the globe commemorated the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). How did the 70 years of the USSR change the world?

“It was the world’s first socialist country, a system based on public ownership, state planning, social welfare and egalitarianism,” Geoffrey Roberts, professor of history at University College Cork, Ireland, and a leading scholar on Soviet diplomatic and military history, said.

“It showed that such a system was not utopian but a practical possibility; indeed, at times the Soviet system threatened to economically outperform even the most advanced capitalist countries.”

“The Bolsheviks succeeded in building a world industrial power, one that defeated Nazi Germany and then fought the United States to a standstill during the Cold War: a system that created the military, economic, scientific, technical and cultural power that underpins the strength of contemporary Russia,” the professor continued.


The USSR was formed following the end of the Russian Civil War (1918-1922) and accompanying foreign intervention. On December 30, 1922, the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republics united into one state with a single political body in the capital of Moscow. Other Soviet republics which used to be parts of the Russian Empire joined the USSR in the coming years. The USSR established control over the territory the Russian Empire had amassed by 1917 (excluding Finland, part of the Polish kingdom and some other territories).

The young Soviet state was founded in a highly contested and hostile environment. Western nations refused to recognize the USSR for years. As a Canadian historian told Sputnik in 2015, the European and US elites sought to overthrow the Soviet government “from day one,” as the latter promoted an alternative to capitalism and western hegemony. Western countries subsidized and armed the anti-Soviet White movement; dispatched sizable military forces to thwart the Soviets during the Civil War; and waged a broad economic war against Moscow.

Nonetheless, the USSR continued to develop and increase its industrial production by almost 13 times during the first 30 years of the country’s existence. By the time of the Second World War, 9,000 large industrial enterprises had been built in the USSR. New industries were created from scratch including machine tool building, tractor building, chemical industry, and aircraft building.

The Soviet collectivization ensured modernization and mechanization of agricultural labor, improved food supplies across the country and solved the famine problem, which haunted Russia since the end of the 19th century. Strategic food reserves were also created in the country.

In addition, the USSR applied vast social reforms by promoting gender equality; ensuring eight-hour working days and annual paid leave; institutionalizing the right to free general and vocational education, the right to work and the right to free medical care for all citizens, to name but a few. Some of these reforms were implemented for the first time in history.

When it comes to the USSR’s foreign policy, its contribution to global decolonization could hardly be overestimated: the peoples of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Latin America cooperated with the USSR and received humanitarian and military aid from Moscow.

Besides that, it was the USSR that helped Turkey leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to counter the advance of the Greek, British, French, and Italian interventionists in 1920-1922. Therefore, the 11-meter-high Republic Monument (Cumhuriyet Aniti) at Taksim Square, Istanbul, portrays Semyon Aralov, ambassador of the Russian SFSR in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence, behind Ataturk. Also on display are the two high-ranking Soviet officers Marshal Kliment Voroshilov and General Mikhail Frunze. The monument was erected to honor the foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923.

It was likewise the USSR that helped China end the infamous “century of humiliation” – a term used in the country to describe the period of intervention and subjugation of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China by western powers and Japan from 1839 to 1949. The Soviet Union also backed the Chinese Communist Party’s struggle and the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.

It was the USSR that defeated Nazism in 1945, together with its allies, and lost around 27 million people in the Second World War to liberate the continent from this monstrous ideology and its military machine.

Despite some western experts’ claims that the USSR always sought to foment global revolution, Vladimir Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin, abandoned the idea of the “world revolution” in the 1920s, promoting instead the concept of “socialism in a single country” within the boundaries of the USSR. His vision became the official doctrine after the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1925.

According to Roberts, the USSR’s indisputable achievements included “multinationalism, internationalism, and anti-imperialism; its idealism and egalitarian aspirations; above all, its valorization of peaceful coexistence between different peoples, systems and values.”

USSR’s Disintegration

However, following 70 years of its rise and development, the USSR collapsed. What was behind this and was it inevitable?

The Soviet people had grown disenchanted with the Communist idea because of the party’s “nomenclature” corruption, rigid command economy, and lack of freedoms, according to Edward Lozansky, president of the American University in Moscow.

“The Soviet Union managed to survive for 69 years, despite huge human and material losses and devastation caused by WW2,” Lozansky said. “Actually, it could continue to exist for some time but several factors like an arms race with the West, economic inefficiency and the Gorbachev factor who naively tried to combine communism with freedom, ended this experiment.”

“The West, and first of all the United States, had a unique chance to turn free-from-communist Russia into its most important ally. [Mikhail] Gorbachev, and all Russian leaders who followed him, including [Vladimir] Putin, plus the overwhelming majority of Russian people, were ready for integration with the West, but Washington was not interested. Instead, it had chosen the role of the world’s hegemonic leader – thus squandering the historical opportunity for US-Russia, and more broadly, East-West win-win cooperation, and here we are – on the edge of the abyss,” the academic continued.


The collapse of the USSR was not inevitable, let alone its swift defragmentation, believes Roberts. “Not long before the USSR collapsed, Gorbachev staged a referendum on the continuation of a multinational Soviet state – a goal that was endorsed by the great majority of voters,” he emphasized.

However, the country was largely exhausted by the arms race, initiated by the US-led NATO bloc. The resulting imbalances and wastefulness of the Soviet economy demanded new approaches and flexibility. At that time, prominent US economist and Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics Wassily Leontief (1906-1999) compared the USSR’s economy to a yacht that was unable to catch the wind. The Soviet economy was doomed to further recession, restrained by excessive government interference and regulation, he suggested in his essays.

The US economy, however, was not in its best shape either. In January 1989, the famous Trilateral Commission’s leaders undertook a mission to Moscow to meet Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. The group and Gorbachev discussed the issue of coexistence as well as a roadmap of the USSR’s integration into the world economy. “We are all at a crucial stage — both capitalism and socialism,” Gorbachev noted at that time. “The two systems should show they can adapt to new conditions,” he added. According to western media, Gorbachev’s eschewal of the use of force helped end the decades-long Cold War.

Eventually, the two nuclear powers voluntarily agreed to stop the arms race and end the standoff. It was the time when major western leaders promised Gorbachev and other Soviet officials that NATO would not further expand eastward. The Washington-based non-profit, the National Security Archive, published in December 2017 declassified bombshell documents that indicated that US Secretary of State James Baker and leaders of the UK, France, and Germany indeed provided that pledge.

Nonetheless, the subsequent geopolitical changes and defragmentation of the USSR, caused by internal separatism and economic crisis, prompted the West to reconsider its approach. US President George H.W. Bush claimed in January 1992 that “by the grace of God, America won the Cold War,” while President Bill Clinton “okayed” the expansion of NATO in 1997 despite 50 prominent foreign policy experts warning the US president in June 1997 that the expansion of NATO would eventually “unsettle European stability”.

Instead of integrating Russia into the world’s economy on an equal basis, the West has seen it as just “raw-material appendage” and an open market for the past 30 years. Hence, Russia’s attempt to secure its borders and national interests in February 2022 prompted a fierce backlash from the West in the form of sweeping sanctions and a NATO proxy war in Ukraine.

Nonetheless, Russia, as it did 100 years ago, is set to withstand the pressure. The Soviet experiment and its best practices proved that Russia could not only be self-sustainable but is also able to maintain vast international alliances across the world.

“Another measure of the deep roots of Soviet patriotism is its continuation in contemporary Russia,” said Roberts. “As a multinational state, the Russian Federation is the direct successor of the USSR – a Russia that is headed by a president – Vladimir Putin – who continues to promote citizenship and patriotism as the foundation of the system, albeit one that is also conservative and capitalist.”

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Sat Jan 21, 2023 4:59 pm

Zombie Defense
January 21, 2:12

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Military historian Alexei Isaev on how, in the conditions of devastation and civil war, the Bolsheviks solved the issues of organizing the military industry.

Zombie Defense

Social cataclysms do not have the best effect on all spheres of public life, the defense industry is no exception. After the revolution of 1917, it would seem that the defense industry is not much needed. From a formal point of view, in the fall of 1917, the stocks of weapons in the Russian army (both directly in the troops and in warehouses) were: approx. 18 thousand artillery pieces, up to 35 thousand machine guns, St. 5 million rifles, up to 33 million shells, approx. 2.1 billion rounds. Although in some works of the Soviet period these reserves were called "meager", everything is known in comparison. In the Red Army in April 1943, there were 53 thousand machine guns, 4.4 million rifles + ~ 250 thousand automatic ones. Comparable.

It would seem that for the Civil War enough for the eyes. Moreover, it is often argued that the old army fought in 1918-1922. The real picture is somewhat more complicated.

Firstly, who said that the legacy of the ancien regime went to the opponents in the Civil Code entirely? In the winter of 1917/18, as a result of a chain of events (the demobilization of the old army, the deep advance of the Austro-German troops, the formation of new states on the outskirts of the former empire, problems with the evacuation and storage of military property, etc.), a significant part of the weapons was lost. As a result, by July 1918, when the flames of civil war flared up in the east and south of the country, the central Soviet leadership had at its disposal: 4.6 thousand art. guns (including 1.6 thousand faulty ones), 12 thousand (600) machine guns, 1.5 million (143 thousand) rifles, approx. 7 million shells, approx. 800 million rounds. What was the elephant, what was the elephant!

In the second half of 1918, the supply of the Red Army was released: approx. 2 thousand art. guns, ca. 2.5 million shells, 927 thousand rifles, 8.1 thousand machine guns, 563.3 million rounds of ammunition.

Now stocks have really become "meager". By the end of October 1918, there were serviceable property in the warehouses: 1,332 art. tools, ca. 5 million shells, 252 thousand rifles, 3,231 machine guns, 310.4 million cartridges. At the beginning of January 1919, 53 thousand rifles and 171 million cartridges remained in the warehouses of the Main Artillery Directorate (without the Tula factories). In addition, there were about 150 thousand rifles of various foreign systems (mainly Japanese) and 265 million cartridges for them in the warehouses.

As early as March 1, 1918, V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, in his article “On Business Grounds,” acted as a cap and wrote: “The best army, the most devoted to the cause of the revolution, people will be immediately exterminated by the enemy if they are not sufficiently armed, supplied with food, and trained.” Those. understanding was present at the very top and it was then that key decisions were made.

Secondly, a logical action like “Let's squeeze state-owned weapons back from those who left the front with rifles and machine guns” brought a very limited result. Requisitions from the population and organizations (according to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 10, 1918) by March 9, 1919 brought R.-K.K.A. 145 thousand serviceable and St. 3 thousand faulty rifles of various systems, 280 serviceable machine guns of various systems, 100 artillery pieces, about 7 million rounds of ammunition and other property. You don't roam.

Faced with the "meager" in key positions stocks left over from the anciennes regime, from May-June 1918, the Bolsheviks, simultaneously with the formation of the Red Army on a conscription basis, begin to make efforts to restore military production, which had fallen into decay as a result of the termination of participation in world war, and because of the general economic crisis. All this was aggravated by the evacuation, in particular, of Petrograd. Chairman of the Extraordinary Commission for the Supply of the Red Army L.B. Krasin frankly admitted already in December 1918 ( http://militera.lib.ru/research/melia_aa/03.html): "An even greater blow to industry [than its demobilization] was inflicted by the evacuation of Petrograd, which was decided suddenly ... and which actually amounted to almost complete destruction of Petrograd industry ...". Despite the fact that Petrograd was one of the key centers of military production of the Russian Empire.

As of August 1918, only one of the three weapons factories was operating, three of the nine artillery factories, one of the five cartridge factories, none of the three capsule factories, and two of the five gunpowder factories. The rest were either evacuated, or demobilized, or were in the hands of the enemy.

To increase the output of military products at the Tula factories, a third shift is being introduced. In addition, a bonus system of payment for overfulfillment of the plan and an increased rate of food supply are being introduced. Enthusiasm and the struggle for the happiness of mankind is good, but they knew how to stimulate the ruble today and now. All this begins to bring results quite quickly - by the end of the year. The output of cartridges increased from 5.2 million in August to 16.9 million in December 1918. The output of rifles increased from 11.2 thousand to 22.2 thousand, respectively.

The problem of shortage of qualified workers at enterprises is solved in various ways, including reservations. To attract, the instruction of the commission of the Defense Council of December 5, 1918 is used: "to notify the population as widely as possible that those working at cartridge and weapons factories are exempt from conscription into the army." The following year, the central authorities repeatedly beat the hands of local trade union and military organizations in carrying out mobilizations at military factories, "because weapons and cartridges are most important" (from Lenin's telegram of August 26, 1919).

In addition, there was a practice of redistribution, the maneuver of the workforce from closing enterprises to those operating on a city, district, even country scale.

Of course, it could not do without the "whip". All defense enterprises were transferred to the category of militarized: the entire composition of workers and employees was declared mobilized, and unauthorized abandonment of work was equated with desertion. This, however, did not save workers from leaving in search of food, with which there were regular interruptions (in the Second World War, staff turnover was also a problem, if anything).

In total, in 1919, the defense industry of the Republic produced 460 thousand rifles, 6.3 thousand machine guns, 357 million cartridges, 366 field guns. For 1920: 427 thousand rifles, 4.5 thousand machine guns, 411 million rounds of ammunition, 279 field guns.

Due to difficulties in organizing the production of new weapons, it was necessary to repair the old ones on a significant scale. In 1919, St. 500 thousand rifles, St. 2 thousand machine guns, approx. 800 guns. In 1920: ca. 400 thousand rifles, 3.1 thousand machine guns, 965 guns. Those. the refurbishment was comparable to the annual output.

The most interesting topic is artillery shells, ammunition has always been expensive both in terms of raw materials and resources. Release of completely new shots in 1919–1920. amounted to about 200 thousand kopecks. Basically, the arsenals were equipped from existing ready-made elements. Due to them and the available stocks, R.-K.K.A received 5.5 million shells during this period.

It can be said that if in artillery the Reds could mainly rely on the stocks of the Russian army, then in small arms and machine guns from the beginning of 1919 they had to rely only on current production.

This feature was noticed back in the 1920s by A.M. Volpe ( http://militera.lib.ru/science/volpe_am01/index.html ):

“... the civil war, unlike the world war, was not an “artillery” war. The Civil War was a machine-gun war. Her tactics were largely determined by this moment. The production of rifles and rifle cartridges was the "shverpunkt" of the military industry. The consumption of shells in the civil war was relatively small. So to speak, this was the "happiness" of the civil war. Who knows what tests our industry would have to endure if the need for shells was the same as during the world war.

We will answer comrade. Wolpe from the future: the industry would not have survived. I would run into tight spots. In the same alcohol, necessary for the production of pyroxylin gunpowder.

Who came up with all this? You will not believe. Vladimir Ilyich, who pointed out as early as the beginning of 1918 (when everything was just flaring up): "Stop the production of heavy shells and guns, make light field artillery, machine guns, rifles."

Just in case, I note: light field artillery is also armored trains.

Historians see the personalities of the era in context and wider than in a school textbook or even general works. Whether we like it or not, the decision in early 1918 to focus on light weapons was visionary. There and then. Invisible, yes. The one who makes such decisions on time wins. After listening to specialists or with your own mind, this is no longer so important.

(c) Alexey Isaev

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Re: The Soviet Union

Post by blindpig » Wed Jan 25, 2023 4:58 pm

"Historical materials". Support
January 25, 15:46

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In the order of information support. Collection for the continuation of the project "Historical Materials" https://istmat.org/ , which publishes declassified archival documents on the history of the USSR.
From time to time you can read materials from this resource on the pages of my blog. As before, "Historical Materials" remains one of the best historical resources on the Runet, giving readers the opportunity to independently evaluate our history from historical documents and draw their own conclusions based on them.

"Historical materials". Support

So. According to the last collection of money, there were seven batches of documents:

One , two , three , four , five , six , seven .

The general list of what was done for all previous camps now looks like this:

Interrogation records and trials https://istmat.org/node/61256

Katyn https://istmat.org/node/64284

Protocols of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Special folder) https://istmat.org/node/47805

Original decisions of the Politburo (Special folder) https://istmat.org/node/47805

Separately, the unfinished book of N.I. Yezhov "From factionalism to open counter-revolution" , and related materials. https://istmat.org/node/64618

What's next?

We will also continue to chase the protocols of the Politburo (this is the basis of everything and everything), the original decisions, the protocols of interrogations concerning Ukrainian and Polish nationalists in the mid-30s, as well as materials on the murder of Kirov, and there will be the last batch of documents on Katyn from the fund of the State Commission for Establishing the Atrocities of the Nazi invaders.

Perhaps we will lay out the last version of the plan-outline of the book by N.I. Yezhov "From factionalism to fascism (about the Trotskyist-Zinoviev and Bukharin-Rykov anti-Soviet organizations)". Here 50 to 50, on the one hand, it has already been published by Mozokhin, on the other hand, in the original, with handwritten edits, it looks more interesting. It's up for a vote. Write "yes" or "no" with the translation.

I remind you that the prices in the archives are not cheap. One sheet of a photocopy over 50 rubles.

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Alpha: 5559 4928 1382 3518

Opening: 5586 2000 8065 6173

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